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INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* gccint: (gccint).            Internals of the GNU Compiler Collection.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
   This file documents the internals of the GNU compilers.

   Published by the Free Software Foundation
59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

File: gccint.info,  Node: Namespaces,  Next: Classes,  Up: Scopes

Namespaces
----------

   A namespace is represented by a `NAMESPACE_DECL' node.

   However, except for the fact that it is distinguished as the root of
the representation, the global namespace is no different from any other
namespace.  Thus, in what follows, we describe namespaces generally,
rather than the global namespace in particular.

   The following macros and functions can be used on a `NAMESPACE_DECL':

`DECL_NAME'
     This macro is used to obtain the `IDENTIFIER_NODE' corresponding to
     the unqualified name of the name of the namespace (*note
     Identifiers::).  The name of the global namespace is `::', even
     though in C++ the global namespace is unnamed.  However, you
     should use comparison with `global_namespace', rather than
     `DECL_NAME' to determine whether or not a namespace is the global
     one.  An unnamed namespace will have a `DECL_NAME' equal to
     `anonymous_namespace_name'.  Within a single translation unit, all
     unnamed namespaces will have the same name.

`DECL_CONTEXT'
     This macro returns the enclosing namespace.  The `DECL_CONTEXT' for
     the `global_namespace' is `NULL_TREE'.

`DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS'
     If this declaration is for a namespace alias, then
     `DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS' is the namespace for which this one is an
     alias.

     Do not attempt to use `cp_namespace_decls' for a namespace which is
     an alias.  Instead, follow `DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS' links until you
     reach an ordinary, non-alias, namespace, and call
     `cp_namespace_decls' there.

`DECL_NAMESPACE_STD_P'
     This predicate holds if the namespace is the special `::std'
     namespace.

`cp_namespace_decls'
     This function will return the declarations contained in the
     namespace, including types, overloaded functions, other
     namespaces, and so forth.  If there are no declarations, this
     function will return `NULL_TREE'.  The declarations are connected
     through their `TREE_CHAIN' fields.

     Although most entries on this list will be declarations,
     `TREE_LIST' nodes may also appear.  In this case, the `TREE_VALUE'
     will be an `OVERLOAD'.  The value of the `TREE_PURPOSE' is
     unspecified; back ends should ignore this value.  As with the
     other kinds of declarations returned by `cp_namespace_decls', the
     `TREE_CHAIN' will point to the next declaration in this list.

     For more information on the kinds of declarations that can occur
     on this list, *Note Declarations::.  Some declarations will not
     appear on this list.  In particular, no `FIELD_DECL',
     `LABEL_DECL', or `PARM_DECL' nodes will appear here.

     This function cannot be used with namespaces that have
     `DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS' set.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Classes,  Prev: Namespaces,  Up: Scopes

Classes
-------

   A class type is represented by either a `RECORD_TYPE' or a
`UNION_TYPE'.  A class declared with the `union' tag is represented by
a `UNION_TYPE', while classes declared with either the `struct' or the
`class' tag are represented by `RECORD_TYPE's.  You can use the
`CLASSTYPE_DECLARED_CLASS' macro to discern whether or not a particular
type is a `class' as opposed to a `struct'.  This macro will be true
only for classes declared with the `class' tag.

   Almost all non-function members are available on the `TYPE_FIELDS'
list.  Given one member, the next can be found by following the
`TREE_CHAIN'.  You should not depend in any way on the order in which
fields appear on this list.  All nodes on this list will be `DECL'
nodes.  A `FIELD_DECL' is used to represent a non-static data member, a
`VAR_DECL' is used to represent a static data member, and a `TYPE_DECL'
is used to represent a type.  Note that the `CONST_DECL' for an
enumeration constant will appear on this list, if the enumeration type
was declared in the class.  (Of course, the `TYPE_DECL' for the
enumeration type will appear here as well.)  There are no entries for
base classes on this list.  In particular, there is no `FIELD_DECL' for
the "base-class portion" of an object.

   The `TYPE_VFIELD' is a compiler-generated field used to point to
virtual function tables.  It may or may not appear on the `TYPE_FIELDS'
list.  However, back ends should handle the `TYPE_VFIELD' just like all
the entries on the `TYPE_FIELDS' list.

   The function members are available on the `TYPE_METHODS' list.
Again, subsequent members are found by following the `TREE_CHAIN'
field.  If a function is overloaded, each of the overloaded functions
appears; no `OVERLOAD' nodes appear on the `TYPE_METHODS' list.
Implicitly declared functions (including default constructors, copy
constructors, assignment operators, and destructors) will appear on
this list as well.

   Every class has an associated "binfo", which can be obtained with
`TYPE_BINFO'.  Binfos are used to represent base-classes.  The binfo
given by `TYPE_BINFO' is the degenerate case, whereby every class is
considered to be its own base-class.  The base classes for a particular
binfo can be obtained with `BINFO_BASETYPES'.  These base-classes are
themselves binfos.  The class type associated with a binfo is given by
`BINFO_TYPE'.  It is always the case that `BINFO_TYPE (TYPE_BINFO (x))'
is the same type as `x', up to qualifiers.  However, it is not always
the case that `TYPE_BINFO (BINFO_TYPE (y))' is always the same binfo as
`y'.  The reason is that if `y' is a binfo representing a base-class
`B' of a derived class `D', then `BINFO_TYPE (y)' will be `B', and
`TYPE_BINFO (BINFO_TYPE (y))' will be `B' as its own base-class, rather
than as a base-class of `D'.

   The `BINFO_BASETYPES' is a `TREE_VEC' (*note Containers::).  Base
types appear in left-to-right order in this vector.  You can tell
whether or `public', `protected', or `private' inheritance was used by
using the `TREE_VIA_PUBLIC', `TREE_VIA_PROTECTED', and
`TREE_VIA_PRIVATE' macros.  Each of these macros takes a `BINFO' and is
true if and only if the indicated kind of inheritance was used.  If
`TREE_VIA_VIRTUAL' holds of a binfo, then its `BINFO_TYPE' was
inherited from virtually.

   The following macros can be used on a tree node representing a
class-type.

`LOCAL_CLASS_P'
     This predicate holds if the class is local class _i.e._ declared
     inside a function body.

`TYPE_POLYMORPHIC_P'
     This predicate holds if the class has at least one virtual function
     (declared or inherited).

`TYPE_HAS_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR'
     This predicate holds whenever its argument represents a class-type
     with default constructor.

`CLASSTYPE_HAS_MUTABLE'

`TYPE_HAS_MUTABLE_P'
     These predicates hold for a class-type having a mutable data
     member.

`CLASSTYPE_NON_POD_P'
     This predicate holds only for class-types that are not PODs.

`TYPE_HAS_NEW_OPERATOR'
     This predicate holds for a class-type that defines `operator new'.

`TYPE_HAS_ARRAY_NEW_OPERATOR'
     This predicate holds for a class-type for which `operator new[]'
     is defined.

`TYPE_OVERLOADS_CALL_EXPR'
     This predicate holds for class-type for which the function call
     `operator()' is overloaded.

`TYPE_OVERLOADS_ARRAY_REF'
     This predicate holds for a class-type that overloads `operator[]'

`TYPE_OVERLOADS_ARROW'
     This predicate holds for a class-type for which `operator->' is
     overloaded.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Declarations,  Next: Attributes,  Prev: Functions,  Up: Trees

Declarations
============

   This section covers the various kinds of declarations that appear in
the internal representation, except for declarations of functions
(represented by `FUNCTION_DECL' nodes), which are described in *Note
Functions::.

   Some macros can be used with any kind of declaration.  These include:
`DECL_NAME'
     This macro returns an `IDENTIFIER_NODE' giving the name of the
     entity.

`TREE_TYPE'
     This macro returns the type of the entity declared.

`DECL_SOURCE_FILE'
     This macro returns the name of the file in which the entity was
     declared, as a `char*'.  For an entity declared implicitly by the
     compiler (like `__builtin_memcpy'), this will be the string
     `"<internal>"'.

`DECL_SOURCE_LINE'
     This macro returns the line number at which the entity was
     declared, as an `int'.

`DECL_ARTIFICIAL'
     This predicate holds if the declaration was implicitly generated
     by the compiler.  For example, this predicate will hold of an
     implicitly declared member function, or of the `TYPE_DECL'
     implicitly generated for a class type.  Recall that in C++ code
     like:
          struct S {};

     is roughly equivalent to C code like:
          struct S {};
          typedef struct S S;
     The implicitly generated `typedef' declaration is represented by a
     `TYPE_DECL' for which `DECL_ARTIFICIAL' holds.

`DECL_NAMESPACE_SCOPE_P'
     This predicate holds if the entity was declared at a namespace
     scope.

`DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P'
     This predicate holds if the entity was declared at a class scope.

`DECL_FUNCTION_SCOPE_P'
     This predicate holds if the entity was declared inside a function
     body.

   The various kinds of declarations include:
`LABEL_DECL'
     These nodes are used to represent labels in function bodies.  For
     more information, see *Note Functions::.  These nodes only appear
     in block scopes.

`CONST_DECL'
     These nodes are used to represent enumeration constants.  The
     value of the constant is given by `DECL_INITIAL' which will be an
     `INTEGER_CST' with the same type as the `TREE_TYPE' of the
     `CONST_DECL', i.e., an `ENUMERAL_TYPE'.

`RESULT_DECL'
     These nodes represent the value returned by a function.  When a
     value is assigned to a `RESULT_DECL', that indicates that the
     value should be returned, via bitwise copy, by the function.  You
     can use `DECL_SIZE' and `DECL_ALIGN' on a `RESULT_DECL', just as
     with a `VAR_DECL'.

`TYPE_DECL'
     These nodes represent `typedef' declarations.  The `TREE_TYPE' is
     the type declared to have the name given by `DECL_NAME'.  In some
     cases, there is no associated name.

`VAR_DECL'
     These nodes represent variables with namespace or block scope, as
     well as static data members.  The `DECL_SIZE' and `DECL_ALIGN' are
     analogous to `TYPE_SIZE' and `TYPE_ALIGN'.  For a declaration, you
     should always use the `DECL_SIZE' and `DECL_ALIGN' rather than the
     `TYPE_SIZE' and `TYPE_ALIGN' given by the `TREE_TYPE', since
     special attributes may have been applied to the variable to give
     it a particular size and alignment.  You may use the predicates
     `DECL_THIS_STATIC' or `DECL_THIS_EXTERN' to test whether the
     storage class specifiers `static' or `extern' were used to declare
     a variable.

     If this variable is initialized (but does not require a
     constructor), the `DECL_INITIAL' will be an expression for the
     initializer.  The initializer should be evaluated, and a bitwise
     copy into the variable performed.  If the `DECL_INITIAL' is the
     `error_mark_node', there is an initializer, but it is given by an
     explicit statement later in the code; no bitwise copy is required.

     GCC provides an extension that allows either automatic variables,
     or global variables, to be placed in particular registers.  This
     extension is being used for a particular `VAR_DECL' if
     `DECL_REGISTER' holds for the `VAR_DECL', and if
     `DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME' is not equal to `DECL_NAME'.  In that case,
     `DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME' is the name of the register into which the
     variable will be placed.

`PARM_DECL'
     Used to represent a parameter to a function.  Treat these nodes
     similarly to `VAR_DECL' nodes.  These nodes only appear in the
     `DECL_ARGUMENTS' for a `FUNCTION_DECL'.

     The `DECL_ARG_TYPE' for a `PARM_DECL' is the type that will
     actually be used when a value is passed to this function.  It may
     be a wider type than the `TREE_TYPE' of the parameter; for
     example, the ordinary type might be `short' while the
     `DECL_ARG_TYPE' is `int'.

`FIELD_DECL'
     These nodes represent non-static data members.  The `DECL_SIZE' and
     `DECL_ALIGN' behave as for `VAR_DECL' nodes.  The
     `DECL_FIELD_BITPOS' gives the first bit used for this field, as an
     `INTEGER_CST'.  These values are indexed from zero, where zero
     indicates the first bit in the object.

     If `DECL_C_BIT_FIELD' holds, this field is a bit-field.

`NAMESPACE_DECL'
     *Note Namespaces::.

`TEMPLATE_DECL'
     These nodes are used to represent class, function, and variable
     (static data member) templates.  The
     `DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS' are a `TREE_LIST'.  The
     `TREE_VALUE' of each node in the list is a `TEMPLATE_DECL's or
     `FUNCTION_DECL's representing specializations (including
     instantiations) of this template.  Back ends can safely ignore
     `TEMPLATE_DECL's, but should examine `FUNCTION_DECL' nodes on the
     specializations list just as they would ordinary `FUNCTION_DECL'
     nodes.

     For a class template, the `DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS' list
     contains the instantiations.  The `TREE_VALUE' of each node is an
     instantiation of the class.  The `DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS'
     contains partial specializations of the class.

`USING_DECL'
     Back ends can safely ignore these nodes.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Functions,  Next: Declarations,  Prev: Scopes,  Up: Trees

Functions
=========

   A function is represented by a `FUNCTION_DECL' node.  A set of
overloaded functions is sometimes represented by a `OVERLOAD' node.

   An `OVERLOAD' node is not a declaration, so none of the `DECL_'
macros should be used on an `OVERLOAD'.  An `OVERLOAD' node is similar
to a `TREE_LIST'.  Use `OVL_CURRENT' to get the function associated
with an `OVERLOAD' node; use `OVL_NEXT' to get the next `OVERLOAD' node
in the list of overloaded functions.  The macros `OVL_CURRENT' and
`OVL_NEXT' are actually polymorphic; you can use them to work with
`FUNCTION_DECL' nodes as well as with overloads.  In the case of a
`FUNCTION_DECL', `OVL_CURRENT' will always return the function itself,
and `OVL_NEXT' will always be `NULL_TREE'.

   To determine the scope of a function, you can use the `DECL_CONTEXT'
macro.  This macro will return the class (either a `RECORD_TYPE' or a
`UNION_TYPE') or namespace (a `NAMESPACE_DECL') of which the function
is a member.  For a virtual function, this macro returns the class in
which the function was actually defined, not the base class in which
the virtual declaration occurred.

   If a friend function is defined in a class scope, the
`DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT' macro can be used to determine the class in which
it was defined.  For example, in
     class C { friend void f() {} };

the `DECL_CONTEXT' for `f' will be the `global_namespace', but the
`DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT' will be the `RECORD_TYPE' for `C'.

   In C, the `DECL_CONTEXT' for a function maybe another function.
This representation indicates that the GNU nested function extension is
in use.  For details on the semantics of nested functions, see the GCC
Manual.  The nested function can refer to local variables in its
containing function.  Such references are not explicitly marked in the
tree structure; back ends must look at the `DECL_CONTEXT' for the
referenced `VAR_DECL'.  If the `DECL_CONTEXT' for the referenced
`VAR_DECL' is not the same as the function currently being processed,
and neither `DECL_EXTERNAL' nor `DECL_STATIC' hold, then the reference
is to a local variable in a containing function, and the back end must
take appropriate action.

* Menu:

* Function Basics::     Function names, linkage, and so forth.
* Function Bodies::     The statements that make up a function body.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Function Basics,  Next: Function Bodies,  Up: Functions

Function Basics
---------------

   The following macros and functions can be used on a `FUNCTION_DECL':
`DECL_MAIN_P'
     This predicate holds for a function that is the program entry point
     `::code'.

`DECL_NAME'
     This macro returns the unqualified name of the function, as an
     `IDENTIFIER_NODE'.  For an instantiation of a function template,
     the `DECL_NAME' is the unqualified name of the template, not
     something like `f<int>'.  The value of `DECL_NAME' is undefined
     when used on a constructor, destructor, overloaded operator, or
     type-conversion operator, or any function that is implicitly
     generated by the compiler.  See below for macros that can be used
     to distinguish these cases.

`DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME'
     This macro returns the mangled name of the function, also an
     `IDENTIFIER_NODE'.  This name does not contain leading underscores
     on systems that prefix all identifiers with underscores.  The
     mangled name is computed in the same way on all platforms; if
     special processing is required to deal with the object file format
     used on a particular platform, it is the responsibility of the
     back end to perform those modifications.  (Of course, the back end
     should not modify `DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME' itself.)

`DECL_EXTERNAL'
     This predicate holds if the function is undefined.

`TREE_PUBLIC'
     This predicate holds if the function has external linkage.

`DECL_LOCAL_FUNCTION_P'
     This predicate holds if the function was declared at block scope,
     even though it has a global scope.

`DECL_ANTICIPATED'
     This predicate holds if the function is a built-in function but its
     prototype is not yet explicitly declared.

`DECL_EXTERN_C_FUNCTION_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is declared as an ``extern
     "C"'' function.

`DECL_LINKONCE_P'
     This macro holds if multiple copies of this function may be
     emitted in various translation units.  It is the responsibility of
     the linker to merge the various copies.  Template instantiations
     are the most common example of functions for which
     `DECL_LINKONCE_P' holds; G++ instantiates needed templates in all
     translation units which require them, and then relies on the
     linker to remove duplicate instantiations.

     FIXME: This macro is not yet implemented.

`DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P'
     This macro holds if the function is a member of a class, rather
     than a member of a namespace.

`DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P'
     This predicate holds if the function a static member function.

`DECL_NONSTATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION_P'
     This macro holds for a non-static member function.

`DECL_CONST_MEMFUNC_P'
     This predicate holds for a `const'-member function.

`DECL_VOLATILE_MEMFUNC_P'
     This predicate holds for a `volatile'-member function.

`DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P'
     This macro holds if the function is a constructor.

`DECL_NONCONVERTING_P'
     This predicate holds if the constructor is a non-converting
     constructor.

`DECL_COMPLETE_CONSTRUCTOR_P'
     This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for an
     object of a complete type.

`DECL_BASE_CONSTRUCTOR_P'
     This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for a
     base class sub-object.

`DECL_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR_P'
     This predicate holds for a function which is a copy-constructor.

`DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P'
     This macro holds if the function is a destructor.

`DECL_COMPLETE_DESTRUCTOR_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is the destructor for an
     object a complete type.

`DECL_OVERLOADED_OPERATOR_P'
     This macro holds if the function is an overloaded operator.

`DECL_CONV_FN_P'
     This macro holds if the function is a type-conversion operator.

`DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope initialization
     function.

`DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope finalization
     function.

`DECL_THUNK_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is a thunk.

     These functions represent stub code that adjusts the `this' pointer
     and then jumps to another function.  When the jumped-to function
     returns, control is transferred directly to the caller, without
     returning to the thunk.  The first parameter to the thunk is
     always the `this' pointer; the thunk should add `THUNK_DELTA' to
     this value.  (The `THUNK_DELTA' is an `int', not an `INTEGER_CST'.)

     Then, if `THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET' (an `INTEGER_CST') is nonzero the
     adjusted `this' pointer must be adjusted again.  The complete
     calculation is given by the following pseudo-code:

          this += THUNK_DELTA
          if (THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET)
            this += (*((ptrdiff_t **) this))[THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET]

     Finally, the thunk should jump to the location given by
     `DECL_INITIAL'; this will always be an expression for the address
     of a function.

`DECL_NON_THUNK_FUNCTION_P'
     This predicate holds if the function is _not_ a thunk function.

`GLOBAL_INIT_PRIORITY'
     If either `DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P' or `DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P' holds, then
     this gives the initialization priority for the function.  The
     linker will arrange that all functions for which
     `DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P' holds are run in increasing order of priority
     before `main' is called.  When the program exits, all functions for
     which `DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P' holds are run in the reverse order.

`DECL_ARTIFICIAL'
     This macro holds if the function was implicitly generated by the
     compiler, rather than explicitly declared.  In addition to
     implicitly generated class member functions, this macro holds for
     the special functions created to implement static initialization
     and destruction, to compute run-time type information, and so
     forth.

`DECL_ARGUMENTS'
     This macro returns the `PARM_DECL' for the first argument to the
     function.  Subsequent `PARM_DECL' nodes can be obtained by
     following the `TREE_CHAIN' links.

`DECL_RESULT'
     This macro returns the `RESULT_DECL' for the function.

`TREE_TYPE'
     This macro returns the `FUNCTION_TYPE' or `METHOD_TYPE' for the
     function.

`TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS'
     This macro returns the list of exceptions that a (member-)function
     can raise.  The returned list, if non `NULL', is comprised of nodes
     whose `TREE_VALUE' represents a type.

`TYPE_NOTHROW_P'
     This predicate holds when the exception-specification of its
     arguments if of the form ``()''.

`DECL_ARRAY_DELETE_OPERATOR_P'
     This predicate holds if the function an overloaded `operator
     delete[]'.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Function Bodies,  Prev: Function Basics,  Up: Functions

Function Bodies
---------------

   A function that has a definition in the current translation unit will
have a non-`NULL' `DECL_INITIAL'.  However, back ends should not make
use of the particular value given by `DECL_INITIAL'.

   The `DECL_SAVED_TREE' macro will give the complete body of the
function.  This node will usually be a `COMPOUND_STMT' representing the
outermost block of the function, but it may also be a `TRY_BLOCK', a
`RETURN_INIT', or any other valid statement.

Statements
..........

   There are tree nodes corresponding to all of the source-level
statement constructs.  These are enumerated here, together with a list
of the various macros that can be used to obtain information about
them.  There are a few macros that can be used with all statements:

`STMT_LINENO'
     This macro returns the line number for the statement.  If the
     statement spans multiple lines, this value will be the number of
     the first line on which the statement occurs.  Although we mention
     `CASE_LABEL' below as if it were a statement, they do not allow
     the use of `STMT_LINENO'.  There is no way to obtain the line
     number for a `CASE_LABEL'.

     Statements do not contain information about the file from which
     they came; that information is implicit in the `FUNCTION_DECL'
     from which the statements originate.

`STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P'
     In C++, statements normally constitute "full expressions";
     temporaries created during a statement are destroyed when the
     statement is complete.  However, G++ sometimes represents
     expressions by statements; these statements will not have
     `STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P' set.  Temporaries created during such
     statements should be destroyed when the innermost enclosing
     statement with `STMT_IS_FULL_EXPR_P' set is exited.

   Here is the list of the various statement nodes, and the macros used
to access them.  This documentation describes the use of these nodes in
non-template functions (including instantiations of template functions).
In template functions, the same nodes are used, but sometimes in
slightly different ways.

   Many of the statements have substatements.  For example, a `while'
loop will have a body, which is itself a statement.  If the substatement
is `NULL_TREE', it is considered equivalent to a statement consisting
of a single `;', i.e., an expression statement in which the expression
has been omitted.  A substatement may in fact be a list of statements,
connected via their `TREE_CHAIN's.  So, you should always process the
statement tree by looping over substatements, like this:
     void process_stmt (stmt)
          tree stmt;
     {
       while (stmt)
         {
           switch (TREE_CODE (stmt))
             {
             case IF_STMT:
               process_stmt (THEN_CLAUSE (stmt));
               /* More processing here.  */
               break;
     
             ...
             }
     
           stmt = TREE_CHAIN (stmt);
         }
     }
   In other words, while the `then' clause of an `if' statement in C++
can be only one statement (although that one statement may be a
compound statement), the intermediate representation will sometimes use
several statements chained together.

`ASM_STMT'
     Used to represent an inline assembly statement.  For an inline
     assembly statement like:
          asm ("mov x, y");
     The `ASM_STRING' macro will return a `STRING_CST' node for `"mov
     x, y"'.  If the original statement made use of the
     extended-assembly syntax, then `ASM_OUTPUTS', `ASM_INPUTS', and
     `ASM_CLOBBERS' will be the outputs, inputs, and clobbers for the
     statement, represented as `STRING_CST' nodes.  The
     extended-assembly syntax looks like:
          asm ("fsinx %1,%0" : "=f" (result) : "f" (angle));
     The first string is the `ASM_STRING', containing the instruction
     template.  The next two strings are the output and inputs,
     respectively; this statement has no clobbers.  As this example
     indicates, "plain" assembly statements are merely a special case
     of extended assembly statements; they have no cv-qualifiers,
     outputs, inputs, or clobbers.  All of the strings will be
     `NUL'-terminated, and will contain no embedded `NUL'-characters.

     If the assembly statement is declared `volatile', or if the
     statement was not an extended assembly statement, and is therefore
     implicitly volatile, then the predicate `ASM_VOLATILE_P' will hold
     of the `ASM_STMT'.

`BREAK_STMT'
     Used to represent a `break' statement.  There are no additional
     fields.

`CASE_LABEL'
     Use to represent a `case' label, range of `case' labels, or a
     `default' label.  If `CASE_LOW' is `NULL_TREE', then this is a
     `default' label.  Otherwise, if `CASE_HIGH' is `NULL_TREE', then
     this is an ordinary `case' label.  In this case, `CASE_LOW' is an
     expression giving the value of the label.  Both `CASE_LOW' and
     `CASE_HIGH' are `INTEGER_CST' nodes.  These values will have the
     same type as the condition expression in the switch statement.

     Otherwise, if both `CASE_LOW' and `CASE_HIGH' are defined, the
     statement is a range of case labels.  Such statements originate
     with the extension that allows users to write things of the form:
          case 2 ... 5:
     The first value will be `CASE_LOW', while the second will be
     `CASE_HIGH'.

`CLEANUP_STMT'
     Used to represent an action that should take place upon exit from
     the enclosing scope.  Typically, these actions are calls to
     destructors for local objects, but back ends cannot rely on this
     fact.  If these nodes are in fact representing such destructors,
     `CLEANUP_DECL' will be the `VAR_DECL' destroyed.  Otherwise,
     `CLEANUP_DECL' will be `NULL_TREE'.  In any case, the
     `CLEANUP_EXPR' is the expression to execute.  The cleanups
     executed on exit from a scope should be run in the reverse order
     of the order in which the associated `CLEANUP_STMT's were
     encountered.

`COMPOUND_STMT'
     Used to represent a brace-enclosed block.  The first substatement
     is given by `COMPOUND_BODY'.  Subsequent substatements are found by
     following the `TREE_CHAIN' link from one substatement to the next.
     The `COMPOUND_BODY' will be `NULL_TREE' if there are no
     substatements.

`CONTINUE_STMT'
     Used to represent a `continue' statement.  There are no additional
     fields.

`CTOR_STMT'
     Used to mark the beginning (if `CTOR_BEGIN_P' holds) or end (if
     `CTOR_END_P' holds of the main body of a constructor.  See also
     `SUBOBJECT' for more information on how to use these nodes.

`DECL_STMT'
     Used to represent a local declaration.  The `DECL_STMT_DECL' macro
     can be used to obtain the entity declared.  This declaration may
     be a `LABEL_DECL', indicating that the label declared is a local
     label.  (As an extension, GCC allows the declaration of labels
     with scope.)  In C, this declaration may be a `FUNCTION_DECL',
     indicating the use of the GCC nested function extension.  For more
     information, *note Functions::.

`DO_STMT'
     Used to represent a `do' loop.  The body of the loop is given by
     `DO_BODY' while the termination condition for the loop is given by
     `DO_COND'.  The condition for a `do'-statement is always an
     expression.

`EMPTY_CLASS_EXPR'
     Used to represent a temporary object of a class with no data whose
     address is never taken.  (All such objects are interchangeable.)
     The `TREE_TYPE' represents the type of the object.

`EXPR_STMT'
     Used to represent an expression statement.  Use `EXPR_STMT_EXPR' to
     obtain the expression.

`FILE_STMT'
     Used to record a change in filename within the body of a function.
     Use `FILE_STMT_FILENAME' to obtain the new filename.

`FOR_STMT'
     Used to represent a `for' statement.  The `FOR_INIT_STMT' is the
     initialization statement for the loop.  The `FOR_COND' is the
     termination condition.  The `FOR_EXPR' is the expression executed
     right before the `FOR_COND' on each loop iteration; often, this
     expression increments a counter.  The body of the loop is given by
     `FOR_BODY'.  Note that `FOR_INIT_STMT' and `FOR_BODY' return
     statements, while `FOR_COND' and `FOR_EXPR' return expressions.

`GOTO_STMT'
     Used to represent a `goto' statement.  The `GOTO_DESTINATION' will
     usually be a `LABEL_DECL'.  However, if the "computed goto"
     extension has been used, the `GOTO_DESTINATION' will be an
     arbitrary expression indicating the destination.  This expression
     will always have pointer type.  Additionally the `GOTO_FAKE_P'
     flag is set whenever the goto statement does not come from source
     code, but it is generated implicitly by the compiler.  This is
     used for branch prediction.

`HANDLER'
     Used to represent a C++ `catch' block.  The `HANDLER_TYPE' is the
     type of exception that will be caught by this handler; it is equal
     (by pointer equality) to `CATCH_ALL_TYPE' if this handler is for
     all types.  `HANDLER_PARMS' is the `DECL_STMT' for the catch
     parameter, and `HANDLER_BODY' is the `COMPOUND_STMT' for the block
     itself.

`IF_STMT'
     Used to represent an `if' statement.  The `IF_COND' is the
     expression.

     If the condition is a `TREE_LIST', then the `TREE_PURPOSE' is a
     statement (usually a `DECL_STMT').  Each time the condition is
     evaluated, the statement should be executed.  Then, the
     `TREE_VALUE' should be used as the conditional expression itself.
     This representation is used to handle C++ code like this:

          if (int i = 7) ...

     where there is a new local variable (or variables) declared within
     the condition.

     The `THEN_CLAUSE' represents the statement given by the `then'
     condition, while the `ELSE_CLAUSE' represents the statement given
     by the `else' condition.

`LABEL_STMT'
     Used to represent a label.  The `LABEL_DECL' declared by this
     statement can be obtained with the `LABEL_STMT_LABEL' macro.  The
     `IDENTIFIER_NODE' giving the name of the label can be obtained from
     the `LABEL_DECL' with `DECL_NAME'.

`RETURN_INIT'
     If the function uses the G++ "named return value" extension,
     meaning that the function has been defined like:
          S f(int) return s {...}
     then there will be a `RETURN_INIT'.  There is never a named
     returned value for a constructor.  The first argument to the
     `RETURN_INIT' is the name of the object returned; the second
     argument is the initializer for the object.  The object is
     initialized when the `RETURN_INIT' is encountered.  The object
     referred to is the actual object returned; this extension is a
     manual way of doing the "return-value optimization."  Therefore,
     the object must actually be constructed in the place where the
     object will be returned.

`RETURN_STMT'
     Used to represent a `return' statement.  The `RETURN_EXPR' is the
     expression returned; it will be `NULL_TREE' if the statement was
     just
          return;

`SCOPE_STMT'
     A scope-statement represents the beginning or end of a scope.  If
     `SCOPE_BEGIN_P' holds, this statement represents the beginning of a
     scope; if `SCOPE_END_P' holds this statement represents the end of
     a scope.  On exit from a scope, all cleanups from `CLEANUP_STMT's
     occurring in the scope must be run, in reverse order to the order
     in which they were encountered.  If `SCOPE_NULLIFIED_P' or
     `SCOPE_NO_CLEANUPS_P' holds of the scope, back ends should behave
     as if the `SCOPE_STMT' were not present at all.

`SUBOBJECT'
     In a constructor, these nodes are used to mark the point at which a
     subobject of `this' is fully constructed.  If, after this point, an
     exception is thrown before a `CTOR_STMT' with `CTOR_END_P' set is
     encountered, the `SUBOBJECT_CLEANUP' must be executed.  The
     cleanups must be executed in the reverse order in which they
     appear.

`SWITCH_STMT'
     Used to represent a `switch' statement.  The `SWITCH_COND' is the
     expression on which the switch is occurring.  See the documentation
     for an `IF_STMT' for more information on the representation used
     for the condition.  The `SWITCH_BODY' is the body of the switch
     statement.   The `SWITCH_TYPE' is the original type of switch
     expression as given in the source, before any compiler conversions.

`TRY_BLOCK'
     Used to represent a `try' block.  The body of the try block is
     given by `TRY_STMTS'.  Each of the catch blocks is a `HANDLER'
     node.  The first handler is given by `TRY_HANDLERS'.  Subsequent
     handlers are obtained by following the `TREE_CHAIN' link from one
     handler to the next.  The body of the handler is given by
     `HANDLER_BODY'.

     If `CLEANUP_P' holds of the `TRY_BLOCK', then the `TRY_HANDLERS'
     will not be a `HANDLER' node.  Instead, it will be an expression
     that should be executed if an exception is thrown in the try
     block.  It must rethrow the exception after executing that code.
     And, if an exception is thrown while the expression is executing,
     `terminate' must be called.

`USING_STMT'
     Used to represent a `using' directive.  The namespace is given by
     `USING_STMT_NAMESPACE', which will be a NAMESPACE_DECL.  This node
     is needed inside template functions, to implement using directives
     during instantiation.

`WHILE_STMT'
     Used to represent a `while' loop.  The `WHILE_COND' is the
     termination condition for the loop.  See the documentation for an
     `IF_STMT' for more information on the representation used for the
     condition.

     The `WHILE_BODY' is the body of the loop.


File: gccint.info,  Node: Attributes,  Next: Expression trees,  Prev: Declarations,  Up: Trees

Attributes in trees
===================

   Attributes, as specified using the `__attribute__' keyword, are
represented internally as a `TREE_LIST'.  The `TREE_PURPOSE' is the
name of the attribute, as an `IDENTIFIER_NODE'.  The `TREE_VALUE' is a
`TREE_LIST' of the arguments of the attribute, if any, or `NULL_TREE'
if there are no arguments; the arguments are stored as the `TREE_VALUE'
of successive entries in the list, and may be identifiers or
expressions.  The `TREE_CHAIN' of the attribute is the next attribute
in a list of attributes applying to the same declaration or type, or
`NULL_TREE' if there are no further attributes in the list.

   Attributes may be attached to declarations and to types; these
attributes may be accessed with the following macros.  All attributes
are stored in this way, and many also cause other changes to the
declaration or type or to other internal compiler data structures.

 - Tree Macro: tree DECL_ATTRIBUTES (tree DECL)
     This macro returns the attributes on the declaration DECL.

 - Tree Macro: tree TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (tree TYPE)
     This macro returns the attributes on the type TYPE.

