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* usegcc: (usegcc).			Using the GNU C compiler.
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
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* gcc: (gcc).                  The GNU Compiler Collection.
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   This file documents the use of the GNU compilers.

   Published by the Free Software Foundation
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File: gcc.info,  Node: Invoking G++,  Next: C Dialect Options,  Prev: Overall Options,  Up: Invoking GCC

Compiling C++ Programs
======================

   C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes `.C', `.cc',
`.cpp', `.CPP', `.c++', `.cp', or `.cxx'; C++ header files often use
`.hh' or `.H'; and preprocessed C++ files use the suffix `.ii'.  GCC
recognizes files with these names and compiles them as C++ programs
even if you call the compiler the same way as for compiling C programs
(usually with the name `gcc').

   However, C++ programs often require class libraries as well as a
compiler that understands the C++ language--and under some
circumstances, you might want to compile programs or header files from
standard input, or otherwise without a suffix that flags them as C++
programs.  You might also like to precompile a C header file with a
`.h' extension to be used in C++ compilations.  `g++' is a program that
calls GCC with the default language set to C++, and automatically
specifies linking against the C++ library.  On many systems, `g++' is
also installed with the name `c++'.

   When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same
command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any
language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related
languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs.  *Note
Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options, for explanations of
options for languages related to C.  *Note Options Controlling C++
Dialect: C++ Dialect Options, for explanations of options that are
meaningful only for C++ programs.


File: gcc.info,  Node: C Dialect Options,  Next: C++ Dialect Options,  Prev: Invoking G++,  Up: Invoking GCC

Options Controlling C Dialect
=============================

   The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
from C, such as C++ and Objective-C) that the compiler accepts:

`-ansi'
     In C mode, support all ISO C90 programs.  In C++ mode, remove GNU
     extensions that conflict with ISO C++.

     This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
     ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when
     compiling C++ code), such as the `asm' and `typeof' keywords, and
     predefined macros such as `unix' and `vax' that identify the type
     of system you are using.  It also enables the undesirable and
     rarely used ISO trigraph feature.  For the C compiler, it disables
     recognition of C++ style `//' comments as well as the `inline'
     keyword.

     The alternate keywords `__asm__', `__extension__', `__inline__'
     and `__typeof__' continue to work despite `-ansi'.  You would not
     want to use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful
     to put them in header files that might be included in compilations
     done with `-ansi'.  Alternate predefined macros such as `__unix__'
     and `__vax__' are also available, with or without `-ansi'.

     The `-ansi' option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
     gratuitously.  For that, `-pedantic' is required in addition to
     `-ansi'.  *Note Warning Options::.

     The macro `__STRICT_ANSI__' is predefined when the `-ansi' option
     is used.  Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
     declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the
     ISO standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with
     any programs that might use these names for other things.

     Functions which would normally be built in but do not have
     semantics defined by ISO C (such as `alloca' and `ffs') are not
     built-in functions with `-ansi' is used.  *Note Other built-in
     functions provided by GCC: Other Builtins, for details of the
     functions affected.

`-std='
     Determine the language standard.  This option is currently only
     supported when compiling C or C++.  A value for this option must be
     provided; possible values are

    `c89'
    `iso9899:1990'
          ISO C90 (same as `-ansi').

    `iso9899:199409'
          ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.

    `c99'
    `c9x'
    `iso9899:1999'
    `iso9899:199x'
          ISO C99.  Note that this standard is not yet fully supported;
          see `http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html' for more information.
          The names `c9x' and `iso9899:199x' are deprecated.

    `gnu89'
          Default, ISO C90 plus GNU extensions (including some C99
          features).

    `gnu99'

    `gnu9x'
          ISO C99 plus GNU extensions.  When ISO C99 is fully
          implemented in GCC, this will become the default.  The name
          `gnu9x' is deprecated.

    `c++98'
          The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments.

    `gnu++98'
          The same as `-std=c++98' plus GNU extensions.  This is the
          default for C++ code.

     Even when this option is not specified, you can still use some of
     the features of newer standards in so far as they do not conflict
     with previous C standards.  For example, you may use
     `__restrict__' even when `-std=c99' is not specified.

     The `-std' options specifying some version of ISO C have the same
     effects as `-ansi', except that features that were not in ISO C90
     but are in the specified version (for example, `//' comments and
     the `inline' keyword in ISO C99) are not disabled.

     *Note Language Standards Supported by GCC: Standards, for details
     of these standard versions.

`-aux-info FILENAME'
     Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all
     functions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including
     those in header files.  This option is silently ignored in any
     language other than C.

     Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin
     of each declaration (source file and line), whether the
     declaration was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (`I', `N' for
     new or `O' for old, respectively, in the first character after the
     line number and the colon), and whether it came from a declaration
     or a definition (`C' or `F', respectively, in the following
     character).  In the case of function definitions, a K&R-style list
     of arguments followed by their declarations is also provided,
     inside comments, after the declaration.

`-fno-asm'
     Do not recognize `asm', `inline' or `typeof' as a keyword, so that
     code can use these words as identifiers.  You can use the keywords
     `__asm__', `__inline__' and `__typeof__' instead.  `-ansi' implies
     `-fno-asm'.

     In C++, this switch only affects the `typeof' keyword, since `asm'
     and `inline' are standard keywords.  You may want to use the
     `-fno-gnu-keywords' flag instead, which has the same effect.  In
     C99 mode (`-std=c99' or `-std=gnu99'), this switch only affects
     the `asm' and `typeof' keywords, since `inline' is a standard
     keyword in ISO C99.

`-fno-builtin'
`-fno-builtin-FUNCTION'
     Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with
     `__builtin_' as prefix.  *Note Other built-in functions provided
     by GCC: Other Builtins, for details of the functions affected,
     including those which are not built-in functions when `-ansi' or
     `-std' options for strict ISO C conformance are used because they
     do not have an ISO standard meaning.

     GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in
     functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to `alloca' may
     become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and
     calls to `memcpy' may become inline copy loops.  The resulting
     code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function
     calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on
     those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by
     linking with a different library.

     With the `-fno-builtin-FUNCTION' option only the built-in function
     FUNCTION is disabled.  FUNCTION must not begin with `__builtin_'.
     If a function is named this is not built-in in this version of
     GCC, this option is ignored.  There is no corresponding
     `-fbuiltin-FUNCTION' option; if you wish to enable built-in
     functions selectively when using `-fno-builtin' or
     `-ffreestanding', you may define macros such as:

          #define abs(n)          __builtin_abs ((n))
          #define strcpy(d, s)    __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))

`-fhosted'
     Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment.  This
     implies `-fbuiltin'.  A hosted environment is one in which the
     entire standard library is available, and in which `main' has a
     return type of `int'.  Examples are nearly everything except a
     kernel.  This is equivalent to `-fno-freestanding'.

`-ffreestanding'
     Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment.
     This implies `-fno-builtin'.  A freestanding environment is one
     in which the standard library may not exist, and program startup
     may not necessarily be at `main'.  The most obvious example is an
     OS kernel.  This is equivalent to `-fno-hosted'.

     *Note Language Standards Supported by GCC: Standards, for details
     of freestanding and hosted environments.

`-fms-extensions'
     Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.

`-trigraphs'
     Support ISO C trigraphs.  The `-ansi' option (and `-std' options
     for strict ISO C conformance) implies `-trigraphs'.

`-no-integrated-cpp'
     Performs a compilation in two passes: preprocessing and compiling.
     This option allows a user supplied "cc1", "cc1plus", or "cc1obj"
     via the `-B' option. The user supplied compilation step can then
     add in an additional preprocessing step after normal preprocessing
     but before compiling. The default is to use the integrated cpp
     (internal cpp)

     The semantics of this option will change if "cc1", "cc1plus", and
     "cc1obj" are merged.

`-traditional'
`-traditional-cpp'
     Formerly, these options caused GCC to attempt to emulate a
     pre-standard C compiler.  They are now only supported with the
     `-E' switch.  The preprocessor continues to support a pre-standard
     mode.  See the GNU CPP manual for details.

`-fcond-mismatch'
     Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second
     and third arguments.  The value of such an expression is void.
     This option is not supported for C++.

`-funsigned-char'
     Let the type `char' be unsigned, like `unsigned char'.

     Each kind of machine has a default for what `char' should be.  It
     is either like `unsigned char' by default or like `signed char' by
     default.

     Ideally, a portable program should always use `signed char' or
     `unsigned char' when it depends on the signedness of an object.
     But many programs have been written to use plain `char' and expect
     it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the
     machines they were written for.  This option, and its inverse, let
     you make such a program work with the opposite default.

     The type `char' is always a distinct type from each of `signed
     char' or `unsigned char', even though its behavior is always just
     like one of those two.

`-fsigned-char'
     Let the type `char' be signed, like `signed char'.

     Note that this is equivalent to `-fno-unsigned-char', which is the
     negative form of `-funsigned-char'.  Likewise, the option
     `-fno-signed-char' is equivalent to `-funsigned-char'.

`-fsigned-bitfields'
`-funsigned-bitfields'
`-fno-signed-bitfields'
`-fno-unsigned-bitfields'
     These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned,
     when the declaration does not use either `signed' or `unsigned'.
     By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is
     consistent: the basic integer types such as `int' are signed types.

`-fwritable-strings'
     Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't
     uniquize them.  This is for compatibility with old programs which
     assume they can write into string constants.

     Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; "constants"
     should be constant.


File: gcc.info,  Node: C++ Dialect Options,  Next: Objective-C Dialect Options,  Prev: C Dialect Options,  Up: Invoking GCC

Options Controlling C++ Dialect
===============================

   This section describes the command-line options that are only
meaningful for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU
compiler options regardless of what language your program is in.  For
example, you might compile a file `firstClass.C' like this:

     g++ -g -frepo -O -c firstClass.C

In this example, only `-frepo' is an option meant only for C++
programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by
GCC.

   Here is a list of options that are _only_ for compiling C++ programs:

`-fabi-version=N'
     Use version N of the C++ ABI.  Version 1 is the version of the C++
     ABI that first appeared in G++ 3.2.  Version 0 will always be the
     version that conforms most closely to the C++ ABI specification.
     Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0 will change as ABI
     bugs are fixed.

     The default is version 1.

`-fno-access-control'
     Turn off all access checking.  This switch is mainly useful for
     working around bugs in the access control code.

`-fcheck-new'
     Check that the pointer returned by `operator new' is non-null
     before attempting to modify the storage allocated.  This check is
     normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that
     `operator new' will only return `0' if it is declared `throw()',
     in which case the compiler will always check the return value even
     without this option.  In all other cases, when `operator new' has
     a non-empty exception specification, memory exhaustion is
     signalled by throwing `std::bad_alloc'.  See also `new (nothrow)'.

`-fconserve-space'
     Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the
     common segment, as C does.  This saves space in the executable at
     the cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions.  If you compile
     with this flag and your program mysteriously crashes after
     `main()' has completed, you may have an object that is being
     destroyed twice because two definitions were merged.

     This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support
     has been added for putting variables into BSS without making them
     common.

`-fno-const-strings'
     Give string constants type `char *' instead of type `const char
     *'.  By default, G++ uses type `const char *' as required by the
     standard.  Even if you use `-fno-const-strings', you cannot
     actually modify the value of a string constant, unless you also use
     `-fwritable-strings'.

     This option might be removed in a future release of G++.  For
     maximum portability, you should structure your code so that it
     works with string constants that have type `const char *'.

`-fembedded-cxx'
     In compliance with the Embedded C++ specification, make the use of
     templates, exception handling, multiple inheritance, or RTTI
     illegal.  Attempts to use namespaces are also not allowed.  This
     makes the use of these keywords result in warnings by default:
     `template', `typename', `catch', `throw', `try', `using',
     `namespace', `dynamic_cast', `static_cast', `reinterpret_cast',
     `const_cast', and `typeid'.  To make the warnings for these things
     be given as errors, add the `-pedantic-errors' flag.

`-fno-elide-constructors'
     The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a
     temporary which is only used to initialize another object of the
     same type.  Specifying this option disables that optimization, and
     forces G++ to call the copy constructor in all cases.

`-fno-enforce-eh-specs'
     Don't check for violation of exception specifications at runtime.
     This option violates the C++ standard, but may be useful for
     reducing code size in production builds, much like defining
     `NDEBUG'.  The compiler will still optimize based on the exception
     specifications.

`-fexternal-templates'
     Cause `#pragma interface' and `implementation' to apply to
     template instantiation; template instances are emitted or not
     according to the location of the template definition.  *Note
     Template Instantiation::, for more information.

     This option is deprecated.

`-falt-external-templates'
     Similar to `-fexternal-templates', but template instances are
     emitted or not according to the place where they are first
     instantiated.  *Note Template Instantiation::, for more
     information.

     This option is deprecated.

`-ffor-scope'
`-fno-for-scope'
     If `-ffor-scope' is specified, the scope of variables declared in
     a for-init-statement is limited to the `for' loop itself, as
     specified by the C++ standard.  If `-fno-for-scope' is specified,
     the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement extends to
     the end of the enclosing scope, as was the case in old versions of
     G++, and other (traditional) implementations of C++.

     The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard, but
     to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would
     otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior.

`-fno-gnu-keywords'
     Do not recognize `typeof' as a keyword, so that code can use this
     word as an identifier.  You can use the keyword `__typeof__'
     instead.  `-ansi' implies `-fno-gnu-keywords'.

`-fno-implicit-templates'
     Never emit code for non-inline templates which are instantiated
     implicitly (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit
     instantiations.  *Note Template Instantiation::, for more
     information.

`-fno-implicit-inline-templates'
     Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates,
     either.  The default is to handle inlines differently so that
     compiles with and without optimization will need the same set of
     explicit instantiations.

`-fno-implement-inlines'
     To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions
     controlled by `#pragma implementation'.  This will cause linker
     errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are
     called.

`-fms-extensions'
     Disable pedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as
     implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via
     non-standard syntax.

`-fno-nonansi-builtins'
     Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by
     ANSI/ISO C.  These include `ffs', `alloca', `_exit', `index',
     `bzero', `conjf', and other related functions.

`-fno-operator-names'
     Do not treat the operator name keywords `and', `bitand', `bitor',
     `compl', `not', `or' and `xor' as synonyms as keywords.

`-fno-optional-diags'
     Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not
     need to issue.  Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G++
     is the one for a name having multiple meanings within a class.

`-fpermissive'
     Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to
     warnings.  Thus, using `-fpermissive' will allow some
     nonconforming code to compile.

`-frepo'
     Enable automatic template instantiation at link time.  This option
     also implies `-fno-implicit-templates'.  *Note Template
     Instantiation::, for more information.

`-fno-rtti'
     Disable generation of information about every class with virtual
     functions for use by the C++ runtime type identification features
     (`dynamic_cast' and `typeid').  If you don't use those parts of
     the language, you can save some space by using this flag.  Note
     that exception handling uses the same information, but it will
     generate it as needed.

`-fstats'
     Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the
     compilation.  This information is generally only useful to the G++
     development team.

`-ftemplate-depth-N'
     Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to N.  A
     limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect
     endless recursions during template class instantiation.  ANSI/ISO
     C++ conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater
     than 17.

`-fuse-cxa-atexit'
     Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with
     the `__cxa_atexit' function rather than the `atexit' function.
     This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of
     static destructors, but will only work if your C library supports
     `__cxa_atexit'.

`-fno-weak'
     Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the
     linker.  By default, G++ will use weak symbols if they are
     available.  This option exists only for testing, and should not be
     used by end-users; it will result in inferior code and has no
     benefits.  This option may be removed in a future release of G++.

`-nostdinc++'
     Do not search for header files in the standard directories
     specific to C++, but do still search the other standard
     directories.  (This option is used when building the C++ library.)

   In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options
have meanings only for C++ programs:

`-fno-default-inline'
     Do not assume `inline' for functions defined inside a class scope.
     *Note Options That Control Optimization: Optimize Options.  Note
     that these functions will have linkage like inline functions; they
     just won't be inlined by default.

`-Wabi (C++ only)'
     Warn when G++ generates code that is probably not compatible with
     the vendor-neutral C++ ABI.  Although an effort has been made to
     warn about all such cases, there are probably some cases that are
     not warned about, even though G++ is generating incompatible code.
     There may also be cases where warnings are emitted even though
     the code that is generated will be compatible.

     You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are
     concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be
     binary compatible with code generated by other compilers.

     The known incompatibilities at this point include:

        * Incorrect handling of tail-padding for bit-fields.  G++ may
          attempt to pack data into the same byte as a base class.  For
          example:

               struct A { virtual void f(); int f1 : 1; };
               struct B : public A { int f2 : 1; };

          In this case, G++ will place `B::f2' into the same byte
          as`A::f1'; other compilers will not.  You can avoid this
          problem by explicitly padding `A' so that its size is a
          multiple of the byte size on your platform; that will cause
          G++ and other compilers to layout `B' identically.

        * Incorrect handling of tail-padding for virtual bases.  G++
          does not use tail padding when laying out virtual bases.  For
          example:

               struct A { virtual void f(); char c1; };
               struct B { B(); char c2; };
               struct C : public A, public virtual B {};

          In this case, G++ will not place `B' into the tail-padding for
          `A'; other compilers will.  You can avoid this problem by
          explicitly padding `A' so that its size is a multiple of its
          alignment (ignoring virtual base classes); that will cause
          G++ and other compilers to layout `C' identically.

        * Incorrect handling of bit-fields with declared widths greater
          than that of their underlying types, when the bit-fields
          appear in a union.  For example:

               union U { int i : 4096; };

          Assuming that an `int' does not have 4096 bits, G++ will make
          the union too small by the number of bits in an `int'.

        * Empty classes can be placed at incorrect offsets.  For
          example:

               struct A {};
               
               struct B {
                 A a;
                 virtual void f ();
               };
               
               struct C : public B, public A {};

          G++ will place the `A' base class of `C' at a nonzero offset;
          it should be placed at offset zero.  G++ mistakenly believes
          that the `A' data member of `B' is already at offset zero.

        * Names of template functions whose types involve `typename' or
          template template parameters can be mangled incorrectly.

               template <typename Q>
               void f(typename Q::X) {}
               
               template <template <typename> class Q>
               void f(typename Q<int>::X) {}

          Instantiations of these templates may be mangled incorrectly.


`-Wctor-dtor-privacy (C++ only)'
     Warn when a class seems unusable because all the constructors or
     destructors in that class are private, and it has neither friends
     nor public static member functions.

`-Wnon-virtual-dtor (C++ only)'
     Warn when a class appears to be polymorphic, thereby requiring a
     virtual destructor, yet it declares a non-virtual one.  This
     warning is enabled by `-Wall'.

`-Wreorder (C++ only)'
     Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does
     not match the order in which they must be executed.  For instance:

          struct A {
            int i;
            int j;
            A(): j (0), i (1) { }
          };

     The compiler will rearrange the member initializers for `i' and
     `j' to match the declaration order of the members, emitting a
     warning to that effect.  This warning is enabled by `-Wall'.

   The following `-W...' options are not affected by `-Wall'.

`-Weffc++ (C++ only)'
     Warn about violations of the following style guidelines from Scott
     Meyers' `Effective C++' book:

        * Item 11:  Define a copy constructor and an assignment
          operator for classes with dynamically allocated memory.

        * Item 12:  Prefer initialization to assignment in constructors.

        * Item 14:  Make destructors virtual in base classes.

        * Item 15:  Have `operator=' return a reference to `*this'.

        * Item 23:  Don't try to return a reference when you must
          return an object.


     Also warn about violations of the following style guidelines from
     Scott Meyers' `More Effective C++' book:

        * Item 6:  Distinguish between prefix and postfix forms of
          increment and decrement operators.

        * Item 7:  Never overload `&&', `||', or `,'.


     When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library
     headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use `grep -v' to
     filter out those warnings.

`-Wno-deprecated (C++ only)'
     Do not warn about usage of deprecated features.  *Note Deprecated
     Features::.

`-Wno-non-template-friend (C++ only)'
     Disable warnings when non-templatized friend functions are declared
     within a template.  Since the advent of explicit template
     specification support in G++, if the name of the friend is an
     unqualified-id (i.e., `friend foo(int)'), the C++ language
     specification demands that the friend declare or define an
     ordinary, nontemplate function.  (Section 14.5.3).  Before G++
     implemented explicit specification, unqualified-ids could be
     interpreted as a particular specialization of a templatized
     function.  Because this non-conforming behavior is no longer the
     default behavior for G++, `-Wnon-template-friend' allows the
     compiler to check existing code for potential trouble spots and is
     on by default.  This new compiler behavior can be turned off with
     `-Wno-non-template-friend' which keeps the conformant compiler code
     but disables the helpful warning.

`-Wold-style-cast (C++ only)'
     Warn if an old-style (C-style) cast to a non-void type is used
     within a C++ program.  The new-style casts (`static_cast',
     `reinterpret_cast', and `const_cast') are less vulnerable to
     unintended effects and much easier to search for.

`-Woverloaded-virtual (C++ only)'
     Warn when a function declaration hides virtual functions from a
     base class.  For example, in:

          struct A {
            virtual void f();
          };
          
          struct B: public A {
            void f(int);
          };

     the `A' class version of `f' is hidden in `B', and code like:

          B* b;
          b->f();

     will fail to compile.

`-Wno-pmf-conversions (C++ only)'
     Disable the diagnostic for converting a bound pointer to member
     function to a plain pointer.

`-Wsign-promo (C++ only)'
     Warn when overload resolution chooses a promotion from unsigned or
     enumeral type to a signed type, over a conversion to an unsigned
     type of the same size.  Previous versions of G++ would try to
     preserve unsignedness, but the standard mandates the current
     behavior.

`-Wsynth (C++ only)'
     Warn when G++'s synthesis behavior does not match that of cfront.
     For instance:

          struct A {
            operator int ();
            A& operator = (int);
          };
          
          main ()
          {
            A a,b;
            a = b;
          }

     In this example, G++ will synthesize a default `A& operator =
     (const A&);', while cfront will use the user-defined `operator ='.


File: gcc.info,  Node: Objective-C Dialect Options,  Next: Language Independent Options,  Prev: C++ Dialect Options,  Up: Invoking GCC

Options Controlling Objective-C Dialect
=======================================

   (NOTE: This manual does not describe the Objective-C language
itself.  See `http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html' for references.)

   This section describes the command-line options that are only
meaningful for Objective-C programs, but you can also use most of the
GNU compiler options regardless of what language your program is in.
For example, you might compile a file `some_class.m' like this:

     gcc -g -fgnu-runtime -O -c some_class.m

In this example, `-fgnu-runtime' is an option meant only for
Objective-C programs; you can use the other options with any language
supported by GCC.

   Here is a list of options that are _only_ for compiling Objective-C
programs:

`-fconstant-string-class=CLASS-NAME'
     Use CLASS-NAME as the name of the class to instantiate for each
     literal string specified with the syntax `@"..."'.  The default
     class name is `NXConstantString' if the GNU runtime is being used,
     and `NSConstantString' if the NeXT runtime is being used (see
     below).  The `-fconstant-cfstrings' option, if also present, will
     override the `-fconstant-string-class' setting and cause `@"..."'
     literals to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.

`-fgnu-runtime'
     Generate object code compatible with the standard GNU Objective-C
     runtime.  This is the default for most types of systems.

`-fnext-runtime'
     Generate output compatible with the NeXT runtime.  This is the
     default for NeXT-based systems, including Darwin and Mac OS X.
     The macro `__NEXT_RUNTIME__' is predefined if (and only if) this
     option is used.

`-fno-nil-receivers'
     Assume that all Objective-C message dispatches (e.g., `[receiver
     message:arg]') in this translation unit ensure that the receiver
     is not `nil'.  This allows for more efficient entry points in the
     runtime to be used.  Currently, this option is only available in
     conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

`-fobjc-exceptions'
     Enable syntactic support for structured exception handling in
     Objective-C, similar to what is offered by C++ and Java.
     Currently, this option is only available in conjunction with the
     NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

            @try {
              ...
                 @throw expr;
              ...
            }
            @catch (AnObjCClass *exc) {
              ...
                @throw expr;
              ...
                @throw;
              ...
            }
            @catch (AnotherClass *exc) {
              ...
            }
            @catch (id allOthers) {
              ...
            }
            @finally {
              ...
                @throw expr;
              ...
            }

     The `@throw' statement may appear anywhere in an Objective-C or
     Objective-C++ program; when used inside of a `@catch' block, the
     `@throw' may appear without an argument (as shown above), in which
     case the object caught by the `@catch' will be rethrown.

     Note that only (pointers to) Objective-C objects may be thrown and
     caught using this scheme.  When an object is thrown, it will be
     caught by the nearest `@catch' clause capable of handling objects
     of that type, analogously to how `catch' blocks work in C++ and
     Java.  A `@catch(id ...)' clause (as shown above) may also be
     provided to catch any and all Objective-C exceptions not caught by
     previous `@catch' clauses (if any).

     The `@finally' clause, if present, will be executed upon exit from
     the immediately preceding `@try ... @catch' section.  This will
     happen regardless of whether any exceptions are thrown, caught or
     rethrown inside the `@try ... @catch' section, analogously to the
     behavior of the `finally' clause in Java.

     There are several caveats to using the new exception mechanism:

        * Although currently designed to be binary compatible with
          `NS_HANDLER'-style idioms provided by the `NSException'
          class, the new exceptions can only be used on Mac OS X 10.3
          (Panther) and later systems, due to additional functionality
          needed in the (NeXT) Objective-C runtime.

        * As mentioned above, the new exceptions do not support handling
          types other than Objective-C objects.   Furthermore, when
          used from Objective-C++, the Objective-C exception model does
          not interoperate with C++ exceptions at this time.  This
          means you cannot `@throw' an exception from Objective-C and
          `catch' it in C++, or vice versa (i.e., `throw ... @catch').

     The `-fobjc-exceptions' switch also enables the use of
     synchronization blocks for thread-safe execution:

            @synchronized (ObjCClass *guard) {
              ...
            }

     Upon entering the `@synchronized' block, a thread of execution
     shall first check whether a lock has been placed on the
     corresponding `guard' object by another thread.  If it has, the
     current thread shall wait until the other thread relinquishes its
     lock.  Once `guard' becomes available, the current thread will
     place its own lock on it, execute the code contained in the
     `@synchronized' block, and finally relinquish the lock (thereby
     making `guard' available to other threads).

     Unlike Java, Objective-C does not allow for entire methods to be
     marked `@synchronized'.  Note that throwing exceptions out of
     `@synchronized' blocks is allowed, and will cause the guarding
     object to be unlocked properly.

`-freplace-objc-classes'
     Emit a special marker instructing `ld(1)' not to statically link in
     the resulting object file, and allow `dyld(1)' to load it in at
     run time instead.  This is used in conjunction with the
     Fix-and-Continue debugging mode, where the object file in question
     may be recompiled and dynamically reloaded in the course of
     program execution, without the need to restart the program itself.
     Currently, Fix-and-Continue functionality is only available in
     conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

`-fzero-link'
     When compiling for the NeXT runtime, the compiler ordinarily
     replaces calls to `objc_getClass("...")' (when the name of the
     class is known at compile time) with static class references that
     get initialized at load time, which improves run-time performance.
     Specifying the `-fzero-link' flag suppresses this behavior and
     causes calls to `objc_getClass("...")' to be retained.  This is
     useful in Zero-Link debugging mode, since it allows for individual
     class implementations to be modified during program execution.

`-gen-decls'
     Dump interface declarations for all classes seen in the source
     file to a file named `SOURCENAME.decl'.

`-Wno-protocol'
     If a class is declared to implement a protocol, a warning is
     issued for every method in the protocol that is not implemented by
     the class.  The default behavior is to issue a warning for every
     method not explicitly implemented in the class, even if a method
     implementation is inherited from the superclass.  If you use the
     `-Wno-protocol' option, then methods inherited from the superclass
     are considered to be implemented, and no warning is issued for
     them.

`-Wselector'
     Warn if multiple methods of different types for the same selector
     are found during compilation.  The check is performed on the list
     of methods in the final stage of compilation.  Additionally, a
     check is performed for each selector appearing in a
     `@selector(...)'  expression, and a corresponding method for that
     selector has been found during compilation.  Because these checks
     scan the method table only at the end of compilation, these
     warnings are not produced if the final stage of compilation is not
     reached, for example because an error is found during compilation,
     or because the `-fsyntax-only' option is being used.

`-Wundeclared-selector'
     Warn if a `@selector(...)' expression referring to an undeclared
     selector is found.  A selector is considered undeclared if no
     method with that name has been declared before the
     `@selector(...)' expression, either explicitly in an `@interface'
     or `@protocol' declaration, or implicitly in an `@implementation'
     section.  This option always performs its checks as soon as a
     `@selector(...)' expression is found, while `-Wselector' only
     performs its checks in the final stage of compilation.  This also
     enforces the coding style convention that methods and selectors
     must be declared before being used.

`-print-objc-runtime-info'
     Generate C header describing the largest structure that is passed
     by value, if any.


File: gcc.info,  Node: Language Independent Options,  Next: Warning Options,  Prev: Objective-C Dialect Options,  Up: Invoking GCC

Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
=================================================

   Traditionally, diagnostic messages have been formatted irrespective
of the output device's aspect (e.g. its width, ...).  The options
described below can be used to control the diagnostic messages
formatting algorithm, e.g. how many characters per line, how often
source location information should be reported.  Right now, only the
C++ front end can honor these options.  However it is expected, in the
near future, that the remaining front ends would be able to digest them
correctly.

`-fmessage-length=N'
     Try to format error messages so that they fit on lines of about N
     characters.  The default is 72 characters for `g++' and 0 for the
     rest of the front ends supported by GCC.  If N is zero, then no
     line-wrapping will be done; each error message will appear on a
     single line.

`-fdiagnostics-show-location=once'
     Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode.  Instructs the diagnostic
     messages reporter to emit _once_ source location information; that
     is, in case the message is too long to fit on a single physical
     line and has to be wrapped, the source location won't be emitted
     (as prefix) again, over and over, in subsequent continuation
     lines.  This is the default behavior.

`-fdiagnostics-show-location=every-line'
     Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode.  Instructs the diagnostic
     messages reporter to emit the same source location information (as
     prefix) for physical lines that result from the process of breaking
     a message which is too long to fit on a single line.

