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Chapter 1.
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Chapter 2.
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[15]
Chapter 3.

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 If a ma-chine [] was cre-ated as a min-i-mized group/monoi
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 If [] was cre-ated us-ing \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 AsGroupFRMach
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Chapter 4.
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This func-tion con-structs a new FR el-e-ment. [] is a lis
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[30]
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[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]
Chapter 5.
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[][]\OT1/ptm/b/n/14.4 Operations and At-tributes for \OT1/pcr/b/n/14.4 MealyMac
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 The sec-ond com-mand is a short-hand for \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.9
5 VertexTransformationsFRMachine(UnderlyingFRMachine(e))\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 . 
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[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]
Chapter 6.

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 In par-tic-u-lar, \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 NestedMatrixState(e,[
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 If [] is a Mealy ma-chine/element, the re-sult is a vec-to
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[62] [63] [64]
Chapter 7.

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 The max-i-mal length of words to con-sider in the search i
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This func-tion re-turns \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 true \OT1/ptm/m
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\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FullSCMonoid(AlphabetOfFRSemigroup(g),P) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 
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\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ([][]10.1.2[][]), \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 GrigorchukGroup \OT1/pt
m/m/n/10.95 ([][]10.1.9[][]), \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 GrigorchukOverGroup \OT1/ptm/m
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[84] [85] [86] [87]
Chapter 8.

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\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 "name=[[...],...,[...]]:out"\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , namely a ma
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Chapter 9.
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Chapter 10.

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 These are the fini-tary, bounded, polynomial-growth, finit
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\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 act-ing on the bi-nary tree. They are re-spec-tively short-c
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\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FullSCGroup([1..2],IsBoundedFRSemigroup)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ,
 \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FullSCGroup([1..2],IsPolynomialGrowthFRSemigroup)\OT1/ptm/m
/n/10.95 ,
 []

[97

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 As par-tic-u-lar ex-am-ples, \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 BinaryKnea
dingMachine() \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 is the adding ma-chine;
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 5999--6000
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 BinaryKneadingGroup() \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 is the adding ma-ch
ine; and \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 BinaryKneadingGroup("1") \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 is
 []


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[98]
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 These are re-spec-tively the same as \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Ad
dingGroup(2)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 AddingMachine(2) \OT1/ptm/m
/n/10.95 and
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Underfull \hbox (badness 1019) in paragraph at lines 6129--6131
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 The first func-tion con-structs the group gen-er-ated by t
he mixer ma-chine. For ex-am-ples
 []

[99]
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 These groups are \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 MixerGroup \OT1/ptm/m/
n/10.95 ([][]10.1.6[][])s. The most fa-mous ex-am-ple is
 []


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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 These groups are all 4-generated and in-fi-nite. They are 
de-scribed in [[]][].
 []


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\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 GrigorchukGroups([1]) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 is in-fi-nite di-he
-dral. If [] con-tains at least 2 dif-fer-ent dig-
 []

[100]
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This is Grig-orchuk's first group, in-tro-duced in [[]][].
 It is a 4-generated in-fi-
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 2894) in paragraph at lines 6222--6224
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 nite tor-sion group, and has in-ter-me-di-ate word growth. I
t could have been de-fined as
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6225--6227
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 The com-mand \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 EpimorphismFromFpGroup(Gri
gorchukGroup,n) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 will will con-
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 5667) in paragraph at lines 6225--6227
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 struct an ap-prox-i-mat-ing pre-sen-ta-tion for the Grig-orc
huk group, as proven in [[]][].
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 7308) in paragraph at lines 6225--6227
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 Adding the re-la-tions \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Image(sigma^(n-2),
(a*d)^2)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Image(sigma^(n-1),(a*b)^2) \OT1
/ptm/m/n/10.95 and
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This is a group with same clo-sure as the Grig-orchuk grou
p (see
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 3492) in paragraph at lines 6262--6263
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 GrigorchukGroup \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ([][]10.1.9[][])), but no
t iso-mor-phic to it. It could have been de-fined as
 []

[101]
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Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6318--6319
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 If \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 l=[(1,2),(1,2),()]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95
 , this is \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 AleshinGroup \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ([][]10.1.14[][])
. More gen-er-ally, if
 []


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\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 l=[(1,2,(1,2),(),...,()] \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 has odd length, 
this is a free group of rank \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Length(l)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , s
ee
 []


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Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6337--6339
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This is the first ex-am-ple of non-abelian free group. It 
is the group gen-er-
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6337--6339
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ated by \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 AleshinMachine([(1,2),(1,2),()])\
OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 . It could have been de-fined as
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6337--6339
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FRGroup("a=\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 <\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 b,c\OML/c
mm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 (1,2)","b=\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 <\OT1/pcr/m/n/1
0.95 c,b\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 (1,2)","c=\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 <
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 a,a\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 ")\OT1/ptm/m/n/10
.95 , but is rather de-fined us-ing
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[102]
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[103]
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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This is an in-fi-nite, 2-generated, tor-sion 3-group. It c
ould have been de-fined as
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 1264) in paragraph at lines 6444--6445
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 of non-uniform ex-po-nen-tial growth (see [[]][]), and \OT1/
pcr/m/n/10.95 NeumannGroup(Group((1,2,3))) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 is
 []


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[104]
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Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6538--6539
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 It ad-mits an en-do-mor-phism on its de-rived sub-group. I
n-deed
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6538--6539
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FRElement(1,Comm(a,b))=Comm(c^-1,b/a)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , \O
T1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FRElement(1,Comm(a,c))=Comm(a/b,c)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ,
 []


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Underfull \hbox (badness 2894) in paragraph at lines 6550--6552
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This group was stud-ied in [[]][]. It is frac-tal, but not
 con-tract-ing. It could
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6550--6552
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 have been de-fined as \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 FRGroup("a=\OML/cmm
/m/it/10.95 <\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 ,b\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 (1,2)
","b=\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 <\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 a,c\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/pcr/m
/n/10.95 ","c=\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 <\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 a,a^-1\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95
 >\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 (1,2)")]]\OML/cmm/m/it/10.95 >\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ,
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 8075) in paragraph at lines 6550--6552
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 but is rather de-fined us-ing Mealy el-e-ments. It par-tiall
y ad-mits branch-ing on its
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6550--6552
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 sub-group \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Subgroup(G,[a^2,(a^2)^b,(a^2)^c
])\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 , and, set-ting \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 x=Comm(a^2,b)\OT1/ptm/m
/n/10.95 , on
 []


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[105] [106] [107]
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[108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113]
Chapter 11.

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[114

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[115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121]
Chapter 12.

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[122

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[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 The fourth and fifth com-mand com-press the newly cre-ated
 pe-ri-odic list, see
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 7780--7783

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[123] [124]
LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/pcr/bx/n' in size <10.95> not available
(Font)              Font shape `OT1/pcr/b/n' tried instead on input line 7895.

Underfull \hbox (badness 2762) in paragraph at lines 7917--7918
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 If the first ar-gu-ment is an in-te-ger \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 n
 \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 and not a record, the com-mand is in-ter-preted as
 []


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[]\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 WordGrowth(...,rec(draw:=true)) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 may be 
ab-bre-vi-ated as \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Draw(...)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ;
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 7919--7920
\OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 WordGrowth(...,rec(ball:=n)) \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 may be ab-br
e-vi-ated as \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Ball(...,n)\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 ;
 []

[125] [126] [127]
Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8156--8157
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This func-tion con-structs an en-do-mor-phism of the group
,monoid or semi-
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8156--8157
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 group [] spec-i-fied by send-ing gen-er-a-tor num-ber $\OML/
ptmcm/m/it/10.95 i$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 to the $\OML/ptmcm/m/it/10.95 i$\OT1/ptm
/m/n/10.95 th en-try in
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8156--8157
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 . It is a short-cut for a call to \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Group
HomomorphismByImagesNC \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 or
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8171--8172
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 This func-tion con-structs a ho-mo-mor-phism of the group,
monoid or semi-
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8171--8172
\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 group [] spec-i-fied by send-ing gen-er-a-tor num-ber $\OML/
ptmcm/m/it/10.95 i$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 to the $\OML/ptmcm/m/it/10.95 i$\OT1/ptm
/m/n/10.95 th en-try in
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Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 8171--8172
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 . It is a short-cut for a call to \OT1/pcr/m/n/10.95 Group
HomomorphismByImagesNC \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 or
 []

[128]
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[129]
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[130] (./fr.bbl (./fr.brf)
\tf@brf=\write7
\openout7 = `fr.brf'.

 [131]
Underfull \hbox (badness 5161) in paragraph at lines 12--12
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 R. Bacher.  De-ter-mi-nants re-lated to bi-no-mial co-ef-f
i-cients mod-ulo $\OT1/ptmcm/m/n/10.95 2$ \OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 and $\OT1/ptmcm/m/
n/10.95 4$\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 .
 []


Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 73--73
[]\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 L. Bartholdi and I. I. Reznykov.  A mealy ma-chine of grow
th $\OML/ptmcm/m/it/10.95 n[]$\OT1/ptm/m/n/10.95 .
 []

[132

] [133]) (./fr.ind [134] [135

] [136] [137] [138] [139]) (./fr.aux) ) 
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