SENDMAIL(8)

NAME
sendmail - send mail over the internet

SYNOPSIS
sendmail [flags] [address ...]
newaliases
mailq [-v]

DESCRIPTION
Sendmail sends a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are necessary. Sendmail does internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.

Sendmail is not intended as a user interface routine; other programs provide user-friendly front ends; sendmail is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.

With no flags, sendmail reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the message found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately. Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash. Normally the sender is not included in any alias expansions, e.g., if `john' sends to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expansion, then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.

  Parameters

-Btype
    Set the body type to type. Current legal values 7BIT or 8BITMIME.

-ba Go into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end. Also, the ``From:'' and ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name of the sender.

-bd Run as a daemon. This requires Berkeley IPC. Sendmail will fork and run in background listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections. This is normally run from /etc/rc.

-bi Initialize the alias database.

-bm Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

-bp Print a listing of the queue.

-bs Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on standard input and output. This flag implies all the operations of the -ba flag that are compatible with SMTP.

-bt Run in address test mode. This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configuration tables.

-bv Verify names only - do not try to collect or deliver a message. Verify mode is normally used for validating users or mailing lists.

-Cfile
    Use alternate configuration file. Sendmail refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.

-dX Set debugging value to X.

-Ffullname
    Set the full name of the sender.

-fname
    Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the sender of the mail). -f can only be used by ``trusted'' users (normally root, daemon, and network) or if the person you are trying to become is the same as the person you are.

-hN Set the hop count to N. The hop count is incremented every time the mail is processed. When it reaches a limit, the mail is returned with an error message, the victim of an aliasing loop. If not specified, ``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.

-n  Don't do aliasing.

-ox value
    Set option x to the specified value. Options are described below.

-pprotocol
    Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message. This can be a simple protocol name such as ``UUCP'' or a protocol and hostname, such as ``UUCP:ucbvax''.

-q[time]
    Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals. If time is omitted, process the queue once. Time is given as a tagged number, with ‘s’ being seconds, ‘m’ being minutes, ‘h’ being hours, ‘d’ being days, and ‘w’ being weeks. For example, ‘-q1h30m’ or ‘-q90m’ would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes. If time is specified, sendmail will run in background. This option can be used safely with -bd.

-rname
    An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.

-t  Read message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses. The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission. Any addresses in the argument list will be suppressed, that is, they will not receive copies even if listed in the message header.

-v  Go into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be announced, etc.

-X logfile
    Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indicated log file. This should only be used as a last resort for debugging mailer bugs. It will log a lot of data very quickly.

  Options
There are also a number of processing options that may be set. Normally these will only be used by a system administrator. Options may be set either on the command line using the -o flag or in the configuration file. This is a partial list; for a complete list (and details), consult the The options are:

Afile
    Use alternate alias file.

bnblocks
    The minimum number of free blocks needed on the spool filesystem.

c   On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to, don't initiate immediate connection. This requires queueing.

C N Checkpoint the queue file after every N successful deliveries (default 10). This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries when sending to long mailing lists interrupted by system crashes.

dx  Set the delivery mode to x. Delivery modes are ‘i’ for interactive (synchronous) delivery, ‘b’ for background (asynchronous) delivery, and ‘q’ for queue only - i.e., actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.

D   Try to automatically rebuild the alias database if necessary.

ex  Set error processing to mode x. Valid modes are ‘m’ to mail back the error message, ‘w’ to ``write'' back the error message (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in), ‘p’ to print the errors on the terminal (default), ‘q’ to throw away error messages (only exit status is returned), and ‘e’ to do special processing for the BerkNet. If the text of the message is not mailed back by modes ‘m’ or ‘w’ and if the sender is local to this machine, a copy of the message is appended to the file dead.letter in the sender's home directory.

f   Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.

G   Match local mail names against the GECOS portion of the password file.

g N The default group id to use when calling mailers.

Hfile
    The SMTP help file.

h N The maximum number of times a message is allowed to ``hop'' before we decide it is in a loop.

i   Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message terminator.

j   Send error messages in MIME format.

Ktimeout
    Set connection cache timeout.

kN  Set connection cache size.

Ln  The log level.

l   Pay attention to the Errors-To: header.

m   Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.

n   Validate the right hand side of aliases during a newaliases(1) command.

o   If set, this message may have old style headers. If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses). If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly determine the header format in most cases.

Qqueuedir
    Select the directory in which to queue messages.

Sfile
    Save statistics in the named file.

s   Always instantiate the queue file, even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary. This provides safety against system crashes during delivery.

Ttime
    Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time. After delivery has failed (e.g., because of a host being down) for this amount of time, failed messages will be returned to the sender. The default is three days.

tstz, dtz
    Set the name of the time zone.

Uuserdatabase
    If set, a user database is consulted to get forwarding information. You can consider this an adjunct to the aliasing mechanism, except that the database is intended to be distributed; aliases are local to a particular host. This may not be available if your sendmail does not have the USERDB option compiled in.

uN  Set the default user id for mailers.

Y   Fork each job during queue runs. May be convenient on memory-poor machines.

7   Strip incoming messages to seven bits.

In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical bar to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as a command to pipe the mail to. It may be necessary to quote the name to keep sendmail from suppressing the blanks from between arguments. For example, a common alias is:

    msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"

Aliases may also have the syntax “:include:filename” to ask sendmail to read the named file for a list of recipients. For example, an alias such as:

    poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"

would read /usr/local/lib/poets.list for the list of addresses making up the group.

Sendmail returns an exit status describing what it did. The codes are defined in <sysexits.h>:
EX_OK
    Successful completion on all addresses.
EX_NOUSER
    User name not recognized.
EX_UNAVAILABLE
    Catchall meaning necessary resources were not available.
EX_SYNTAX
    Syntax error in address.
EX_SOFTWARE
    Internal software error, including bad arguments.
EX_OSERR
    Temporary operating system error, such as “cannot fork”.
EX_NOHOST
    Host name not recognized.
EX_TEMPFAIL
    Message could not be sent immediately, but was queued.

If invoked as newaliases, sendmail will rebuild the alias database. If invoked as mailq, sendmail will print the contents of the mail queue.

FILES
Except for the file /etc/sendmail.cf itself, the following pathnames are all specified in /etc/sendmail.cf. Thus, these values are only approximations.

/etc/aliases
    raw data for alias names
/etc/aliases.db
    data base of alias names
/etc/sendmail.cf
    configuration file
/etc/sendmail.hf
    help file
/var/log/sendmail.st
    collected statistics
/var/spool/mqueue/*
    temp files
/var/run/sendmail.pid
    The process id of the daemon

SEE ALSO
binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5), mailaddr(7), rc(8);

DARPA Internet Request For Comments Sendmail - An Internetwork Mail Router, SMM, No. 9. Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide, SMM, No. 8.

HISTORY
The sendmail command appeared in 4.2BSD.