# Postfix before-queue Milter support

## Introduction

Postfix version 2.3 introduces support for the Sendmail version 8 Milter (mail filter) protocol. This protocol is used by applications that run outside the MTA to inspect SMTP events (CONNECT, DISCONNECT), SMTP commands (HELO, MAIL FROM, etc.) as well as mail content. All this happens before mail is queued.

The reason for adding Milter support to Postfix is that there exists a large collection of applications, not only to block unwanted mail, but also to verify authenticity (examples: SenderID+SPF and Domain keys) or to digitally sign mail (example: Domain keys). Having yet another Postfix-specific version of all that software is a poor use of human and system resources.

Postfix 2.3 implements all the requests of Sendmail version 8 Milter protocols up to version 4, except one: message body replacement. See, however, the workarounds and limitations sections at the end of this document.

This document provides information on the following topics:

- How Milter applications plug into Postfix
- Building Milter applications
- Running Milter applications
- Configuring Postfix
- Workarounds
- Limitations

## How Milter applications plug into Postfix

The Postfix Milter implementation uses two different lists of mail filters: one list of filters that are used for SMTP mail only, and one list of filters that are used for non-SMTP mail. The two lists have different capabilities, which is unfortunate. Avoiding this would require major restructuring of Postfix.

- The SMTP-only filters handle mail that arrives via the Postfix smtpd(8) server. They are typically used to filter unwanted mail and to sign mail from authorized SMTP clients. You specify SMTP-only Milter applications with the smtpd_milters parameter as described in a later section. Mail that arrives via the Postfix smtpd(8) server is not filtered by the non-SMTP filters that are described next.

- The non-SMTP filters handle mail that arrives via the Postfix sendmail(1) command-line or via the Postfix qmqpd(8) server. They are typically used to digitally sign mail only. Although non-SMTP filters can be used to filter unwanted mail, they have limitations compared to the SMTP-only filters. You specify non-SMTP Milter applications with the non_smtpd_milters parameter as described in a later section.

For those who are familiar with the Postfix architecture, the figure below shows how Milter applications plug into Postfix. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues. To avoid clutter, the path for local submission is simplified (the OVERVIEW document has a more complete description).

> | SMTP-only filters |  | non-SMTP filters
> ^ `|` | `| v`
> ^ `| | |` | `| | | v`
> Network | `->` | smtpd(8)
> | `\`
> Network | `->` | qmqpd(8) | `->` | cleanup(8) | `->` | incoming
> | `/`
> | pickup(8)
> | :
> Local | `->` | sendmail(1)

## Building Milter applications

Milter applications have been written in C, JAVA and Perl, but this document deals with C applications only. For these, you need an object library that implements the Sendmail 8 Milter protocol. Postfix currently does not provide such a library, but Sendmail does.

On some Linux and *BSD distributions, the Sendmail libmilter library is installed by default. With this, applications such as dk-milter and sid-milter build out of the box without requiring any tinkering:

>     $ gzcat dk-milter-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xf -
>     $ cd dk-milter-x.y.z
>     $ make
>     [...lots of output omitted...]

On other platforms you have two options:

- Install the Sendmail libmilter object library and include files. On Linux systems, libmilter may be provided by the sendmail-devel package. After installing libmilter, build the Milter applications as described in the preceding paragraph.

- Don't install the Sendmail libmilter library, but build the library from Sendmail source code instead:

  >     $ gzcat sendmail-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xf -
  >     $ cd sendmail-x.y.z/libmilter
  >     $ make
  >     [...lots of output omitted...]

  After building your own libmilter library, follow the installation instructions in the Milter application source distribution to specify the location of the libmilter include files and object library. Typically, these settings are configured in a file named `sid-filter/Makefile.m4` or similar:

  >     APPENDDEF(`confINCDIRS', `-I/some/where/sendmail-x.y.z/include')
  >     APPENDDEF(`confLIBDIRS', `-L/some/where/sendmail-x.y.z/obj.systemtype/libmilter')

  Then build the Milter application.

## Running Milter applications

To run a Milter application, see the documentation of the filter for options. A typical command looks like this:

>     # /some/where/dk-filter -u userid -p inet:portnumber@localhost ...other options...

Please specify a userid value that isn't used for other applications (not "postfix", not "www", etc.).

## Configuring Postfix

Like Sendmail, Postfix has a lot of configuration options that control how it talks to Milter applications. With the initial Postfix Milter protocol implementation, many options are global, that is, they apply to all Milter applications. Future Postfix versions may support per-Milter timeouts, per-Milter error handling, etc.

Information in this section:

- SMTP-Only Milter applications
- Non-SMTP Milter applications
- Milter error handling
- Milter protocol version
- Milter protocol timeouts
- Sendmail macro emulation

### SMTP-Only Milter applications

The SMTP-only Milter applications handle mail that arrives via the Postfix smtpd(8) server. They are typically used to filter unwanted mail, and to sign mail from authorized SMTP clients. Mail that arrives via the Postfix smtpd(8) server is not filtered by the non-SMTP filters that are described in the next section.

NOTE: Do not use the header_checks(5) IGNORE action to remove Postfix's own Received: message header. This causes problems with mail signing filters. Instead, keep Postfix's own Received: message header and use the header_checks(5) REPLACE action to sanitize information.

You specify SMTP-only Milter applications (there can be more than one) with the smtpd_milters parameter. Each Milter application is identified by the name of its listening socket; other Milter configuration options will be discussed in later sections. Milter applications are applied in the order as specified, and the first Milter application that rejects a command will override the responses from other Milter applications.

>     /etc/postfix/main.cf:
>         # Milters for mail that arrives via the smtpd(8) server.
>         # See below for socket address syntax.
>         smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:portnumber ...other filters...

The general syntax for listening sockets is as follows:

> unix:pathname

>   Connect to the local UNIX-domain server that is bound to the specified pathname. If the smtpd(8) or cleanup(8) process runs chrooted, an absolute pathname is interpreted relative to the Postfix queue directory.

> inet:host:port

>   Connect to the specified TCP port on the specified local or remote host. The host and port can be specified in numeric or symbolic form.

>   NOTE: Postfix syntax differs from Milter syntax which has the form inet:port@host.

### Non-SMTP Milter applications

The non-SMTP Milter applications handle mail that arrives via the Postfix sendmail(1) command-line or via the Postfix qmqpd(8) server. They are typically used to digitally sign mail. Although non-SMTP filters can be used to filter unwanted mail, there are limitations as discussed later in this section. Mail that arrives via the Postfix smtpd(8) server is not filtered by the non-SMTP filters.

NOTE: Do not use the header_checks(5) IGNORE action to remove Postfix's own Received: message header. This causes problems with mail signing filters. Instead, keep Postfix's own Received: message header and use the header_checks(5) REPLACE action to sanitize information.

You specify non-SMTP Milter applications with the non_smtpd_milters parameter. This parameter uses the same syntax as the smtpd_milters parameter in the previous section. As with the SMTP-only filters, you can specify more than one Milter application; they are applied in the order as specified, and the first Milter application that rejects a command will override the responses from the other applications.

>     /etc/postfix/main.cf:
>         # Milters for non-SMTP mail.
>         # See below for socket address syntax.
>         non_smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:portnumber ...other filters...

There's one small complication when using Milter applications for non-SMTP mail: there is no SMTP session. To keep Milter applications happy, the Postfix cleanup(8) server actually has to simulate the SMTP client CONNECT and DISCONNECT events, and the SMTP client EHLO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO and DATA commands.

- When new mail arrives via the sendmail(1) command line, the Postfix cleanup(8) server pretends that the mail arrives with ESMTP from "localhost" with IP address "127.0.0.1". The result is very similar to what happens with command line submissions in Sendmail version 8.12 and later, although Sendmail uses a different mechanism to achieve this result.

- When new mail arrives via the qmqpd(8) server, the Postfix cleanup(8) server pretends that the mail arrives with ESMTP, and uses the QMQPD client hostname and IP address.

- When old mail is re-injected into the queue with "postsuper -r", the Postfix cleanup(8) server uses the same client information that was used when the mail arrived as new mail.

This generally works as expected, with only one exception: non-SMTP filters must not REJECT or TEMPFAIL simulated RCPT TO commands. When a non_smtpd_milters application REJECTs or TEMPFAILs a recipient, Postfix will report a configuration error, and mail will stay in the queue.

None of this is a problem for mail filters that digitally sign mail.

### Milter error handling

The milter_default_action parameter specifies how Postfix handles Milter application errors. The default action is to respond with a temporary error status, so that the client will try again later. Specify "accept" if you want to receive mail as if the filter does not exist, and "reject" to reject mail with a permanent status.

>         # What to do in case of errors? Specify accept, reject, or tempfail.
>         milter_default_action = tempfail

### Milter protocol version

As Postfix is not built with the Sendmail libmilter library, you may need to configure the Milter protocol version that Postfix should use. The default version is 2.

>     milter_protocol = 2

If the Postfix milter_protocol setting specifies a too low version, the libmilter library will log an error message like this:

>     application name: st_optionneg[xxxxx]: 0xyy does not fulfill action requirements 0xzz

The remedy is to increase the Postfix milter_protocol version number. See, however, the limitations section below for features that aren't supported by Postfix.

If the Postfix milter_protocol setting specifies a too high version, the libmilter library simply hangs up without logging a warning, and you see a Postfix warning message like one of the following:

>     postfix/smtpd[21045]: warning: milter inet:host:port: can't read packet header: Unknown error : 0
>     postfix/cleanup[15190]: warning: milter inet:host:port: can't read packet header: Success

The remedy is to lower the Postfix milter_protocol version number.

### Milter protocol timeouts

Postfix uses different time limits at different Milter protocol stages. The table shows wich timeouts are used and when (EOH = end of headers; EOM = end of message).

> Parameter | Time limit | Protocol stage
> --- | --- | ---
> milter_connect_timeout | 30s | CONNECT
> milter_command_timeout | 30s | HELO, MAIL, RCPT, DATA, UNKNOWN
> milter_content_timeout | 300s | HEADER, EOH, BODY, EOM

Beware: 30s is not a lot for applications that do a lot of DNS lookups. However, if you increase the above timeouts too much, remote SMTP clients may hang up and mail may be delivered multiple times. This is an inherent problem with before-queue filtering.

### Sendmail macro emulation

Postfix emulates a limited number of Sendmail macros, as shown in the table. Different macros are available at different SMTP protocol stages (EOM = end-of-message); their availability is not always the same as in Sendmail. See the workarounds section below for solutions.

> Name | Availability | Description
> --- | --- | ---
> i | DATA, EOM | Queue ID
> j | Always | value of myhostname
> _ | Always | The validated client name and address
> {auth_authen} | MAIL, DATA, EOM | SASL login name
> {auth_author} | MAIL, DATA, EOM | SASL sender
> {auth_type} | MAIL, DATA, EOM | SASL login method
> {client_addr} | Always | Client IP address
> {client_connections} | CONNECT | Connection concurrency for this client
> {client_name} | Always | Client hostname, "unknown" when lookup or verification fails
> {client_ptr} | CONNECT, HELO, MAIL, DATA | Client name from reverse lookup, "unknown" when lookup fails
> {cert_issuer} | HELO, MAIL, DATA, EOM | TLS client certificate issuer
> {cert_subject} | HELO, MAIL, DATA, EOM | TLS client certificate subject
> {cipher_bits} | HELO, MAIL, DATA, EOM | TLS session key size
> {cipher} | HELO, MAIL, DATA, EOM | TLS cipher
> {daemon_name} | Always | value of milter_macro_daemon_name
> {mail_addr} | MAIL | Sender address
> {rcpt_addr} | RCPT | Recipient address
> {tls_version} | HELO, MAIL, DATA, EOM | TLS protocol version
> v | Always | value of milter_macro_v

Postfix sends specific sets of macros at different SMTP protocol stages. The sets are configured with the parameters as described in the table (EOM = end of message).

> Parameter name | Protocol version | Protocol stage
> --- | --- | ---
> milter_connect_macros | 2 or higher | CONNECT
> milter_helo_macros | 2 or higher | HELO/EHLO
> milter_mail_macros | 2 or higher | MAIL FROM
> milter_rcpt_macros | 2 or higher | RCPT TO
> milter_data_macros | 4 or higher | DATA
> milter_end_of_data_macros | 2 or higher | EOM
> milter_unknown_command_macros | 3 or higher | unknown command

## Workarounds

Content filters may break domain key etc. signatures. If you use an SMTP-based content filter, then you should add a line to master.cf with "-o disable_mime_output_conversion=yes" (note: no spaces around the "="), as described in the advanced content filter example.

Sendmail Milter applications were originally developed for the Sendmail version 8 MTA, which has a different architecture than Postfix. The result is that some Milter applications make assumptions that aren't true in a Postfix environment.

- Some Milter applications use the "`{if_addr}`" macro to recognize local mail; this macro does not exist in Postfix. Workaround: use the "`{client_addr}`" macro instead.

- Some Milter applications log a warning that looks like this:

  >     sid-filter[36540]: WARNING: sendmail symbol 'i' not available

  And they may insert a message header with "unknown-msgid" like this:

  >     X-SenderID: Sendmail Sender-ID Filter vx.y.z host.example.com <unknown-msgid>

  This happens because some Milter applications expect that the queue ID is known before the MTA accepts the MAIL FROM (sender) command. Postfix, on the other hand, does not choose a queue file name until after it accepts the first valid RCPT TO (recipient) command. Postfix queue file names must be unique across multiple directories, so the name can't be chosen before the file is created. If multiple messages were to use the same queue ID simultaneously, mail would be lost.

  To work around the ugly message header from Milter applications, we add a little code to the Milter source to look up the queue ID after Postfix receives the end of the message.

  - Edit the filter source file (typically named `dk-filter/dk-filter.c` or similar).

  - Look up the `mlfi_eom()` function and add code near the top shown as bold text below:

  >     dfc = cc->cctx_msg;
  >     assert(dfc != NULL);

  >     /* Determine the job ID for logging. */
  >     if (dfc->mctx_jobid == 0 || strcmp(dfc->mctx_jobid, JOBIDUNKNOWN) == 0) {
  >             char *jobid = smfi_getsymval(ctx, "i");
  >             if (jobid != 0)
  >                     dfc->mctx_jobid = jobid;
  >     }

  >     /* get hostname; used in the X header and in new MIME boundaries */

  NOTES:

  - Different mail filters use slightly different names for variables. If the above code does not compile, look for the code at the start of the `mlfi_eoh()` routine.

  - This fixes only the ugly message header, but not the WARNING message. Fortunately, dk-filter logs that message only once.

  With some Milter applications we can fix both the WARNING and the "unknown-msgid" by postponing the call of `mlfi_eoh()` (or whatever routine logs the WARNING) until the end of the message.

  - Edit the filter source file (typically named `sid-filter/sid-filter.c` or similar).

  - Look up the `smfilter` table and replace `mlfi_eoh` (or whatever routine logs the WARNING) by NULL.

  - Look up the `mlfi_eom()` function and add code near the top that calls `mlfi_eoh()` as shown by the bold text below:

  >             assert(ctx != NULL);
  >     #endif /* !DEBUG */

  >             ret = mlfi_eoh(ctx);
  >             if (ret != SMFIS_CONTINUE)
  >                     return ret;

  This works with sid-milter-0.2.10. Other Milter applications will dump core when you do this.

## Limitations

This section lists limitations of the Postfix Milter implementation. Some limitations will be removed as the implementation is extended over time. Of course the usual limitations of before-queue filtering will always apply. See the CONTENT_INSPECTION_README document for a discussion.

- Postfix currently supports only applications that speak the Sendmail 8 Milter protocol versions 2..4. Support for other protocol types or protocol versions may be added later.

- For applications that are written in C, you need to use the Sendmail libmilter library. A Postfix replacement may be provided in the future.

- There are TWO sets of mail filters: filters that are used for SMTP mail only (specified with the smtpd_milters parameter), and filters for non-SMTP mail (specified with the non_smtpd_milters parameter). The non-SMTP filters are primarily for local submissions.

- When mail is filtered by non-SMTP filters, the Postfix cleanup(8) server has to simulate the SMTP client CONNECT and DISCONNECT events, and the SMTP client EHLO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO and DATA commands. This works as expected, with only one exception: non-SMTP filters must not REJECT or TEMPFAIL simulated RCPT TO commands. When a non-SMTP filter REJECTs or TEMPFAILs a recipient, Postfix will report a configuration error, and mail will stay in the queue.

- Postfix currently does not apply content filters to mail that is forwarded or aliased internally, or to mail that is generated internally such as bounces or Postmaster notifications. This may be a problem when you want to apply a signing Milter to such mail.

- When you use the before-queue content filter for incoming SMTP mail (see SMTPD_PROXY_README), Milter applications have access only to the SMTP command information; they have no access to the message header or body, and cannot make modifications to the message or to the envelope.

- Postfix 2.3 does not support Milter requests to replace the message body. Milter applications that request this unsupported operation will log a warning like this:

  >     application name: st_optionneg[134563840]: 0x3d does not fulfill action requirements 0x1e

  The solution is (to wait for) a Postfix version that supports the missing functionality.

- Most Milter configuration options are global. Future Postfix versions may support per-Milter timeouts, per-Milter error handling, etc.