Chapter 13. String Classes
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## Chapter 13. String Classes

## Simple Transformations

Here are Standard, simple, and portable ways to perform common transformations on a `string` instance, such as "convert to all upper case." The word transformations is especially apt, because the standard template function `transform<>` is used.

This code will go through some iterations. Here's a simple version:

       #include <string>
       #include <algorithm>
       #include <cctype>      // old <ctype.h>

       struct ToLower
       {
         char operator() (char c) const  { return std::tolower(c); }
       };

       struct ToUpper
       {
         char operator() (char c) const  { return std::toupper(c); }
       };

       int main()
       {
         std::string  s ("Some Kind Of Initial Input Goes Here");

         // Change everything into upper case
         std::transform (s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ToUpper());

         // Change everything into lower case
         std::transform (s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ToLower());

         // Change everything back into upper case, but store the
         // result in a different string
         std::string  capital_s;
         capital_s.resize(s.size());
         std::transform (s.begin(), s.end(), capital_s.begin(), ToUpper());
       }

Note that these calls all involve the global C locale through the use of the C functions `toupper/tolower`. This is absolutely guaranteed to work -- but only if the string contains only characters from the basic source character set, and there are only 96 of those. Which means that not even all English text can be represented (certain British spellings, proper names, and so forth). So, if all your input forevermore consists of only those 96 characters (hahahahahaha), then you're done.

Note that the `ToUpper` and `ToLower` function objects are needed because `toupper` and `tolower` are overloaded names (declared in `<cctype>` and `<locale>`) so the template-arguments for `transform<>` cannot be deduced, as explained in this message. At minimum, you can write short wrappers like

       char toLower (char c)
       {
          return std::tolower(c);
       }

(Thanks to James Kanze for assistance and suggestions on all of this.)

Another common operation is trimming off excess whitespace. Much like transformations, this task is trivial with the use of string's `find` family. These examples are broken into multiple statements for readability:

       std::string  str (" \t blah blah blah    \n ");

       // trim leading whitespace
       string::size_type  notwhite = str.find_first_not_of(" \t\n");
       str.erase(0,notwhite);

       // trim trailing whitespace
       notwhite = str.find_last_not_of(" \t\n");
       str.erase(notwhite+1);

Obviously, the calls to `find` could be inserted directly into the calls to `erase`, in case your compiler does not optimize named temporaries out of existence.

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