
                        GCC Frequently Asked Questions

   The   latest   version   of  this  document  is  always  available  at
   [1]http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html.

   This FAQ tries to answer specific questions concerning GCC. For general
   information regarding C, C++, resp. Fortran please check the [2]comp.lang.c
   FAQ, [3]comp.std.c++ FAQ, and the [4]Fortran Information page.

   Other GCC-related FAQs: [5]libstdc++-v3, and [6]GCJ.
     _________________________________________________________________

                                   Questions

    1. [7]General information
         1. [8]What is the relationship between GCC and EGCS?
         2. [9]What is an open development model?
         3. [10]How do I get a bug fixed or a feature added?
         4. [11]Does GCC work on my platform?
    2. [12]Installation
         1. [13]How to install multiple versions of GCC
         2. [14]Dynamic linker is unable to find GCC libraries
         3. [15]libstdc++/libio tests fail badly with --enable-shared
         4. [16]GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld
         5. [17]cpp: Usage:... Error
         6. [18]Optimizing the compiler itself
         7. [19]Why does libiconv get linked into jc1 on Solaris?
    3. [20]Testsuite problems
         1. [21]How do I pass flags like -fnew-abi to the testsuite?
         2. [22]How can I run the test suite with multiple options?
    4. [23]Older versions of GCC
         1. [24]Is there a stringstream / sstream for GCC 2.95.2?
    5. [25]Miscellaneous
         1. [26]Friend Templates
         2. [27]dynamic_cast, throw, typeid don't work with shared libraries
         3. [28]Why do I need autoconf, bison, xgettext, automake, etc?
         4. [29]Why can't I build a shared library?
         5. [30]When building C++, the linker says my constructors, destructors
            or virtual tables are undefined, but I defined them
         6. [31]Will GCC someday include an incremental linker?
     _________________________________________________________________

                              General information

What is the relationship between GCC and EGCS?

   In 1990/1991 gcc version 1 had reached a point of stability. For the targets
   it could support, it worked well. It had limitations inherent in its design
   that would be difficult to resolve, so a major effort was made to resolve
   those limitations and gcc version 2 was the result.

   When we had gcc2 in a useful state, development efforts on gcc1 stopped and
   we all concentrated on making gcc2 better than gcc1 could ever be. This is
   the kind of step forward we wanted to make with the EGCS project when it was
   formed in 1997.

   In April 1999 the Free Software Foundation officially halted development on
   the  gcc2  compiler and appointed the EGCS project as the official GCC
   maintainers. The net result was a single project which carries forward GCC
   development under the ultimate control of the [32]GCC Steering Committee.
     _________________________________________________________________

What is an open development model?

   We are using a bazaar style [33][1] approach to GCC development: we make
   snapshots publicly available to anyone who wants to try them; we welcome
   anyone to join the development mailing list. All of the discussions on the
   development mailing list are available via the web. We're going to be making
   releases with a much higher frequency than they have been made in the past.

   In addition to weekly snapshots of the GCC development sources, we have the
   sources readable from an SVN server by anyone. Furthermore we are using SVN
   to allow maintainers write access to the sources.

   There  have  been  many  potential GCC developers who were not able to
   participate in GCC development in the past. We want these people to help in
   any way they can; we ultimately want GCC to be the best compiler in the
   world.

   A compiler is a complicated piece of software, there will still be strong
   central maintainers who will reject patches, who will demand documentation
   of implementations, and who will keep the level of quality as high as it is
   today. Code that could use wider testing may be integrated--code that is
   simply ill-conceived won't be.

   GCC is not the first piece of software to use this open development process;
   FreeBSD, the Emacs lisp repository, and the Linux kernel are a few examples
   of the bazaar style of development.

   With GCC, we are adding new features and optimizations at a rate that has
   not been done since the creation of gcc2; these additions inevitably have a
   temporarily  destabilizing effect. With the help of developers working
   together with this bazaar style development, the resulting stability and
   quality levels will be better than we've had before.

     [1] We've been discussing different development models a lot over the past
     few months. The paper which started all of this introduced two terms: A
     cathedral development model versus a bazaar development model. The paper
     is written by Eric S. Raymond, it is called ``The Cathedral and the
     Bazaar''. The paper is a useful starting point for discussions.
     _________________________________________________________________

How do I get a bug fixed or a feature added?

   There  are  lots of ways to get something fixed. The list below may be
   incomplete, but it covers many of the common cases. These are listed roughly
   in order of decreasing difficulty for the average GCC user, meaning someone
   who is not skilled in the internals of GCC, and where difficulty is measured
   in terms of the time required to fix the bug. No alternative is better than
   any other; each has its benefits and disadvantages.
     * Fix it yourself. This alternative will probably bring results, if you
       work hard enough, but will probably take a lot of time, and, depending
       on the quality of your work and the perceived benefits of your changes,
       your code may or may not ever make it into an official release of GCC.
     * [34]Report the problem to the GCC bug tracking system and hope that
       someone will be kind enough to fix it for you. While this is certainly
       possible, and often happens, there is no guarantee that it will. You
       should not expect the same response from this method that you would see
       from a commercial support organization since the people who read GCC bug
       reports, if they choose to help you, will be volunteering their time.
     * Hire  someone  to  fix it for you. There are various companies and
       individuals providing support for GCC. This alternative costs money, but
       is relatively likely to get results.
     _________________________________________________________________

Does GCC work on my platform?

   The host/target specific installation notes for GCC include information
   about known problems with installing or using GCC on particular platforms.
   These are included in the sources for a release in INSTALL/specific.html,
   and the [35]latest version is always available at the GCC web site. Reports
   of [36]successful builds for several versions of GCC are also available at
   the web site.
     _________________________________________________________________

                                 Installation

How to install multiple versions of GCC

   It may be desirable to install multiple versions of the compiler on the same
   system. This can be done by using different prefix paths at configure time
   and a few symlinks.

   Basically, configure the two compilers with different --prefix options, then
   build and install each compiler. Assume you want "gcc" to be the latest
   compiler and available in /usr/local/bin; also assume that you want "gcc2"
   to be the older gcc2 compiler and also available in /usr/local/bin.

   The  easiest  way  to  do  this  is  to  configure  the  new  GCC with
   --prefix=/usr/local/gcc and the older gcc2 with --prefix=/usr/local/gcc2.
   Build   and   install   both  compilers.  Then  make  a  symlink  from
   /usr/local/bin/gcc to /usr/local/gcc/bin/gcc and from /usr/local/bin/gcc2 to
   /usr/local/gcc2/bin/gcc. Create similar links for the "g++", "c++" and "g77"
   compiler drivers.

   An   alternative   to   using   symlinks   is   to  configure  with  a
   --program-transform-name option. This option specifies a sed command to
   process installed program names with. Using it you can, for instance, have
   all the new GCC programs installed as "new-gcc" and the like. You will still
   have to specify different --prefix options for new GCC and old GCC, because
   it is only the executable program names that are transformed. The difference
   is that you (as administrator) do not have to set up symlinks, but must
   specify additional directories in your (as a user) PATH. A complication with
   --program-transform-name  is  that the sed command invariably contains
   characters significant to the shell, and these have to be escaped correctly,
   also it is not possible to use "^" or "$" in the command. Here is the option
   to prefix "new-" to the new GCC installed programs:

     --program-transform-name='s,\\\\(.*\\\\),new-\\\\1,'

   With the above --prefix option, that will install the new GCC programs into
   /usr/local/gcc/bin   with  names  prefixed  by  "new-".  You  can  use
   --program-transform-name if you have multiple versions of GCC, and wish to
   be sure about which version you are invoking.

   If you use --prefix, GCC may have difficulty locating a GNU assembler or
   linker on your system, [37]GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld explains how to
   deal with this.

   Another  option  that may be easier is to use the --program-prefix= or
   --program-suffix= options to configure. So if you're installing GCC 2.95.2
   and don't want to disturb the current version of GCC in /usr/local/bin/, you
   could do

     configure --program-suffix=-2.95.2 <other configure options>

   This should result in GCC being installed as /usr/local/bin/gcc-2.95.2
   instead of /usr/local/bin/gcc.
     _________________________________________________________________

Dynamic linker is unable to find GCC libraries

   This problem manifests itself by programs not finding shared libraries they
   depend on when the programs are started. Note this problem often manifests
   itself with failures in the libio/libstdc++ tests after configuring with
   --enable-shared and building GCC.

   GCC does not specify a runpath so that the dynamic linker can find dynamic
   libraries at runtime.

   The short explanation is that if you always pass a -R option to the linker,
   then your programs become dependent on directories which may be NFS mounted,
   and programs may hang unnecessarily when an NFS server goes down.

   The problem is not programs that do require the directories; those programs
   are going to hang no matter what you do. The problem is programs that do not
   require the directories.

   SunOS effectively always passed a -R option for every -L option; this was a
   bad idea, and so it was removed for Solaris. We should not recreate it.

   However,  if  you  feel  you  really  need such an option to be passed
   automatically to the linker, you may add it to the GCC specs file. This file
   can  be  found  in  the  same  directory  that  contains  cc1 (run gcc
   -print-prog-name=cc1 to find it). You may add linker flags such as -R or
   -rpath, depending on platform and linker, to the *link or *lib specs.

   Another alternative is to install a wrapper script around gcc, g++ or ld
   that adds the appropriate directory to the environment variable LD_RUN_PATH
   or equivalent (again, it's platform-dependent).

   Yet another option, that works on a few platforms, is to hard-code the full
   pathname of the library into its soname. This can only be accomplished by
   modifying  the  appropriate .ml file within libstdc++/config (and also
   libg++/config, if you are building libg++), so that $(libdir)/ appears just
   before the library name in -soname or -h options.
     _________________________________________________________________

GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld

   GCC searches the PATH for an assembler and a loader, but it only does so
   after searching a directory list hard-coded in the GCC executables. Since,
   on most platforms, the hard-coded list includes directories in which the
   system assembler and loader can be found, you may have to take one of the
   following  actions  to arrange that GCC uses the GNU versions of those
   programs.

   To ensure that GCC finds the GNU assembler (the GNU loader), which are
   required by [38]some configurations, you should configure these with the
   same --prefix option as you used for GCC. Then build & install GNU as (GNU
   ld) and proceed with building GCC.

   Another  alternative is to create links to GNU as and ld in any of the
   directories  printed  by  the  command  `gcc -print-search-dirs | grep
   '^programs:''. The link to `ld' should be named `real-ld' if `ld' already
   exists. If such links do not exist while you're compiling GCC, you may have
   to create them in the build directories too, within the gcc directory and in
   all the gcc/stage* subdirectories.

   GCC 2.95 allows you to specify the full pathname of the assembler and the
   linker  to  use.  The  configure flags are `--with-as=/path/to/as' and
   `--with-ld=/path/to/ld'. GCC will try to use these pathnames before looking
   for `as' or `(real-)ld' in the standard search dirs. If, at configure-time,
   the specified programs are found to be GNU utilities, `--with-gnu-as' and
   `--with-gnu-ld' need not be used; these flags will be auto-detected. One
   drawback of this option is that it won't allow you to override the search
   path for assembler and linker with command-line options -B/path/ if the
   specified filenames exist.
     _________________________________________________________________

cpp: Usage:... Error

   If you get an error like this when building GCC (particularly when building
   __mulsi3), then you likely have a problem with your environment variables.
  cpp: Usage: /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i586-unknown-linux-gnulibc1/2.7.2.3/cpp
  [switches] input output

   First look for an explicit '.' in either LIBRARY_PATH or GCC_EXEC_PREFIX
   from your environment. If you do not find an explicit '.', look for an empty
   pathname in those variables. Note that ':' at either the start or end of
   these variables is an implicit '.' and will cause problems.

   Also note '::' in these paths will also cause similar problems.
     _________________________________________________________________

Optimizing the compiler itself

   If you want to test a particular optimization option, it's useful to try
   bootstrapping the compiler with that option turned on. For example, to test
   the -fssa option, you could bootstrap like this:
make BOOT_CFLAGS="-O2 -fssa" bootstrap
     _________________________________________________________________

Why does libiconv get linked into jc1 on Solaris?

   The Java front end requires iconv. If the compiler used to bootstrap GCC
   finds libiconv (because the GNU version of libiconv has been installed in
   the same prefix as the bootstrap compiler), but the newly built GCC does not
   find the library (because it will be installed with a different prefix),
   then a link-time error will occur when building jc1. This problem does not
   show up so often on platforms that have libiconv in a default location (like
   /usr/lib) because then both compilers can find a library named libiconv,
   even though it is a different library.

   Using --disable-nls at configure-time does not prevent this problem because
   jc1 uses iconv even in that case. Solutions include temporarily removing the
   GNU libiconv, copying it to a default location such as /usr/lib/, and using
   --enable-languages at configure-time to disable Java.
     _________________________________________________________________

                              Testsuite problems

How do I pass flags like -fnew-abi to the testsuite?

   If you invoke runtest directly, you can use the --tool_opts option, e.g:
  runtest --tool_opts "-fnew-abi -fno-honor-std" <other options>

   Or, if you use make check you can use the make variable RUNTESTFLAGS, e.g:
  make RUNTESTFLAGS="--tool_opts '-fnew-abi -fno-honor-std'" check-g++
     _________________________________________________________________

How can I run the test suite with multiple options?

   If you invoke runtest directly, you can use the --target_board option, e.g:
  runtest --target_board "unix{-fPIC,-fpic,}" <other options>

   Or, if you use make check you can use the make variable RUNTESTFLAGS, e.g:
  make RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board 'unix{-fPIC,-fpic,}'" check-gcc

   Either of these examples will run the tests three times. Once with -fPIC,
   once with -fpic, and once with no additional flags.

   This technique is particularly useful on multilibbed targets.
     _________________________________________________________________

                        Older versions of GCC and EGCS

Is there a stringstream / sstream for GCC 2.95.2?

   Yes, it's at: [39]http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2000-q2/msg00700/sstream.
     _________________________________________________________________

                                 Miscellaneous

Friend Templates

   In order to make a specialization of a template function a friend of a
   (possibly  template)  class, you must explicitly state that the friend
   function is a template, by appending angle brackets to its name, and this
   template function must have been declared already. Here's an example:
template <typename T> class foo {
  friend void bar(foo<T>);
}

   The above declaration declares a non-template function named bar, so it must
   be explicitly defined for each specialization of foo. A template definition
   of bar won't do, because it is unrelated with the non-template declaration
   above. So you'd have to end up writing:
void bar(foo<int>) { /* ... */ }
void bar(foo<void>) { /* ... */ }

   If you meant bar to be a template function, you should have forward-declared
   it as follows. Note that, since the template function declaration refers to
   the template class, the template class must be forward-declared too:
template <typename T>
class foo;

template <typename T>
void bar(foo<T>);

template <typename T>
class foo {
  friend void bar<>(foo<T>);
};

template <typename T>
void bar(foo<T>) { /* ... */ }

   In this case, the template argument list could be left empty, because it can
   be implicitly deduced from the function arguments, but the angle brackets
   must be present, otherwise the declaration will be taken as a non-template
   function. Furthermore, in some cases, you may have to explicitly specify the
   template arguments, to remove ambiguity.

   An error in the last public comment draft of the ANSI/ISO C++ Standard and
   the fact that previous releases of GCC would accept such friend declarations
   as  template  declarations  has led people to believe that the forward
   declaration was not necessary, but, according to the final version of the
   Standard, it is.
     _________________________________________________________________

dynamic_cast, throw, typeid don't work with shared libraries

   The new C++ ABI in the GCC 3.0 series uses address comparisons, rather than
   string  compares,  to  determine  type  equality. This leads to better
   performance.  Like  other objects that have to be present in the final
   executable, these std::type_info objects have what is called vague linkage
   because they are not tightly bound to any one particular translation unit
   (object file). The compiler has to emit them in any translation unit that
   requires their presence, and then rely on the linking and loading process to
   make sure that only one of them is active in the final executable. With
   static linking all of these symbols are resolved at link time, but with
   dynamic linking, further resolution occurs at load time. You have to ensure
   that objects within a shared library are resolved against objects in the
   executable and other shared libraries.
     * For a program which is linked against a shared library, no additional
       precautions are needed.
     * You cannot create a shared library with the "-Bsymbolic" option, as that
       prevents the resolution described above.
     * If you use dlopen to explicitly load code from a shared library, you
       must do several things. First, export global symbols from the executable
       by linking it with the "-E" flag (you will have to specify this as
       "-Wl,-E" if you are invoking the linker in the usual manner from the
       compiler driver, g++). You must also make the external symbols in the
       loaded library available for subsequent libraries by providing the
       RTLD_GLOBAL flag to dlopen. The symbol resolution can be immediate or
       lazy.

   Template instantiations are another, user visible, case of objects with
   vague linkage, which needs similar resolution. If you do not take the above
   precautions, you may discover that a template instantiation with the same
   argument list, but instantiated in multiple translation units, has several
   addresses, depending in which translation unit the address is taken. (This
   is not an exhaustive list of the kind of objects which have vague linkage
   and are expected to be resolved during linking & loading.)

   If you are worried about different objects with the same name colliding
   during the linking or loading process, then you should use namespaces to
   disambiguate them. Giving distinct objects with global linkage the same name
   is a violation of the One Definition Rule (ODR) [basic.def.odr].

   For more details about the way that GCC implements these and other C++
   features, please read the [40]ABI specification. Note the std::type_info
   objects  which  must  be resolved all begin with "_ZTS". Refer to ld's
   documentation for a description of the "-E" & "-Bsymbolic" flags.
     _________________________________________________________________

Why do I need autoconf, bison, xgettext, automake, etc?

   If you're using diffs up dated from one snapshot to the next, or if you're
   using the SVN repository, you may need several additional programs to build
   GCC.

   These include, but are not necessarily limited to autoconf, automake, bison,
   and xgettext.

   This is necessary because neither diff nor cvs keep timestamps correct. This
   causes problems for generated files as "make" may think those generated
   files are out of date and try to regenerate them.

   An easy way to work around this problem is to use the gcc_update script in
   the contrib subdirectory of GCC, which handles this transparently without
   requiring installation of any additional tools.

   When building from diffs or SVN or if you modified some sources, you may
   also  need  to  obtain  development versions of some GNU tools, as the
   production versions do not necessarily handle all features needed to rebuild
   GCC.

   In    general,    the   current   versions   of   these   tools   from
   [41]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ will work. At present, Autoconf 2.50 is not
   supported, and you will need to use Autoconf 2.13; work is in progress to
   fix this problem. Also look at [42]ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/
   for any special versions of packages.
     _________________________________________________________________

Why can't I build a shared library?

   When building a shared library you may get an error message from the linker
   like `assert pure-text failed:' or `DP relative code in file'.

   This kind of error occurs when you've failed to provide proper flags to gcc
   when linking the shared library.

   You can get this error even if all the .o files for the shared library were
   compiled with the proper PIC option. When building a shared library, gcc
   will compile additional code to be included in the library. That additional
   code must also be compiled with the proper PIC option.

   Adding the proper PIC option (-fpic or -fPIC) to the link line which creates
   the shared library will fix this problem on targets that support PIC in this
   manner. For example:
        gcc -c -fPIC myfile.c
        gcc -shared -o libmyfile.so -fPIC myfile.o
     _________________________________________________________________

When building C++, the linker says my constructors, destructors or virtual
tables are undefined, but I defined them

   The ISO C++ Standard specifies that all virtual methods of a class that are
   not pure-virtual must be defined, but does not require any diagnostic for
   violations of this rule [class.virtual]/8. Based on this assumption, GCC
   will only emit the implicitly defined constructors, the assignment operator,
   the destructor and the virtual table of a class in the translation unit that
   defines its first such non-inline method.

   Therefore, if you fail to define this particular method, the linker may
   complain about the lack of definitions for apparently unrelated symbols.
   Unfortunately, in order to improve this error message, it might be necessary
   to change the linker, and this can't always be done.

   The solution is to ensure that all virtual methods that are not pure are
   defined. Note that a destructor must be defined even if it is declared
   pure-virtual [class.dtor]/7.
     _________________________________________________________________

Will GCC someday include an incremental linker?

   Incremental linking is part of the linker, not the compiler. As such, GCC
   doesn't have anything to do with incremental linking. Depending on what
   platform you use, it may be possible to tell GCC to use the platform's
   native linker (e.g., Solaris' ild(1)).

References

   1. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html
   2. http://c-faq.com/
   3. http://www.jamesd.demon.co.uk/csc/faq.html
   4. http://www.fortran.com/fortran/info.html
   5. http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/index.html
   6. http://gcc.gnu.org/java/faq.html
   7. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#general
   8. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gcc
   9. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#open-development
  10. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#support
  11. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#platforms
  12. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#installation
  13. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#multiple
  14. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#rpath
  15. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#rpath
  16. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gas
  17. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#environ
  18. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#optimizing
  19. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#iconv
  20. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#testsuite
  21. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#testoptions
  22. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#multipletests
  23. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#old
  24. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#2.95sstream
  25. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#misc
  26. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#friend
  27. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#dso
  28. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#generated_files
  29. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#picflag-needed
  30. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#vtables
  31. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#incremental
  32. http://gcc.gnu.org/steering.html
  33. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#cathedral-vs-bazaar
  34. http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html
  35. http://gcc.gnu.org/install/specific.html
  36. http://gcc.gnu.org/buildstat.html
  37. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gas
  38. http://gcc.gnu.org/install/specific.html
  39. http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2000-q2/msg00700/sstream
  40. http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi/
  41. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/
  42. ftp://gcc.gnu.org/pub/gcc/infrastructure/
