# The Element Menu

- Font Info...
- Glyph Info...
- BDF Info...
- Get Info...
- Typographic Features
  - Copy Feature(s) to Font...
  - Default ATT (Advanced Typographic Tables)
  - Remove All Features
  - Remove Feature(s)...
  - Remove Unused Nested Features
  - Retag Feature(s)...
- Show Dependencies
  - References
  - Substitutions
- Find Problems...
- Bitmaps Available...
- Regenerate Bitmaps...
- Transformatons
  - Transform...
  - Point of View Projection...
  - Non-Linear Transform...
  - Flip Horizontally
  - Flip Vertically
  - Rotate 90° CW
  - Rotate 90° CCW
  - Rotate 180°
  - Skew
- Expand Stroke...
- Overlap
  - Remove Overlap
  - Intersect
  - Exclude
  - Find Intersections
- Simplify
  - Simplify
  - Simplify More
  - Cleanup Glyphs
- Add Extrema
- Effects
  - Outline
  - Inline
  - Shadow
  - Wireframe
- MetaFont...
- AutoTrace
- Align
  - Average Points
  - Space Points
  - Space Regions
  - Make Parallel
- Round
  - To Int
  - To Hundredths
  - Cluster
- Order
  - First
  - Earlier
  - Later
  - Last
- Clockwise
- Counter-Clockwise
- Correct Direction
- Build
  - Build Accented Glyph
  - Build Composite Glyph
  - Build Duplicate
- Merge Fonts...
- Interpolate Fonts...
- Compare Fonts...

There are also two menu entries which are not part of the default build but which may be configured by modifying `configure-fontforge.h` before compiling FontForge.

- Tile Path
- Non Linear Transform...

Font Info
  In all views this brings up the Font Info dialog.
  CID keyed fonts can set information on the CID font as a whole (rather than just the current sub-font, which is what this command does) from CID->CID Font Info.
Glyph Info
  In the all views this brings up the Glyph Info dialog.
BDF Info
  If you have bitmaps in your font, then in the font view or bitmap view this command will bring up the BDF Info dialog.
Get Info
  In the outline view this brings up one of four different dialogs (Point Info, Image Info, Reference Info, Anchor Point Info) depending on what is selected.
Typographic Features
  This sub-menu is only present in the font view and allows you to manipulate GSUB/GPOS/morx features. If you wish to create them you should use Font Info or Glyph Info.
  Copy Feature to Font...
    This dialog allows you to copy a set of features from one font to another.
  Default ATT
    In the font view this is a sub-menu which allows you to generate default values for various features of the GPOS and GSUB tables.

    The sub-menu consists of a list of feature names (and a few more generic names like "All" which will provide defaults for everything it can figure out, and "Ligatures" which will provide defaults for all ligatures). FontForge will look for defaults for all selected glyphs. There is also one special entry:

    Suffix to Tag...
      In adobe's glyph naming conventions, alternate forms of glyphs may be named by appending a suffix to the normal glyph's name. Thus a swash variant of "A" might be named "A.swash".

      Using this command you can tell FontForge to associate a given suffix with a feature tag. (in the above example you could associate ".swash" with 'swsh' -- except you don't need to, because FontForge already knows about that one). Select the letter "A", then enter the command, then "A" will be linked to "A.swash" as a 'swsh'.

  Remove All Features
    Removes all typographic features.
  Remove Feature(s)...
    This dialog allows you to select which features to remove.
  Remove Unused Nested Features
    If there are any nested features which are not referred to within any contextual/chaining feature nor apple state machine then this command will remove them.
  Retag Feature(s)...
    This dialog allows you to change the opentype tag (or apple feature/setting) on a given feature.(This does not retag kerning information).
Show Dependencies

References...
  This dialog is not available in the bitmap view. It shows you what glyphs contain a reference to the current glyph. You can open a window looking at any of the dependent glyphs by selecting that glyph and pressing the [Show] button.
Substitutions...
  Show any glyphs that have substitutions (ligatures, multiple subs, etc.) which depend on the current glyph. So if you select "i", you might see that "fi" depended on it as a ligature, and if you select "A.swash" you might see that "A" depended on it as a 'swsh' alternate subs.

Find Problems...
  This command is not present in the bitmap view. It will search for several common problems. In the glyph view it will select anything that needs to be fixed, in the font view it will check all selected glyphs and if any have problems will open them and select the problems. It will post a message telling you of each problem found. It brings up the Find Problem dialog to let you choose what problems to look for.
Bitmaps Available...
  This brings up a list of pixel sizes for bitmap fonts.
  If you have bitmap fonts this will show their pixel sizes. If you remove a size that is in the list then that font will be deleted from the sfd file. If you add a size then that size font will be created and stored in the sfd file.

  FontForge deals in pixel sizes, not point sizes. The conversion between pixels and points differs on different systems and indeed on different screens. A point is (approximately) 1/72 of an inch, a pixel is however big a pixel happens to be on your screen. Usually pixels range from about 1/72 of an inch to about 1/144 of an inch. Different systems support different screen resolutions as "standard", and FontForge tries to know about these standards.

  Some conversions between points and pixels
  Screen Resolution Point Size | 72dpi Mac | 75dpi X | 96dpi Win | 100dpi X | 120dpi Win
  --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
  10pt | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 17
  12pt | 12 | 12~13 | 16 | 17 | 20
  18pt | 18 | 19 | 24 | 25 | 30
  24pt | 24 | 25 | 32 | 33 | 40

  Sadly your screen will probably not match one of the standard screens precisely. On X the standard resolutions are 75 and 100dpi, on MS Windows 96 and 120dpi, and on the Mac 72dpi. This dialog provides the conversion between pixel size and point sizes at these resolutions.

  Normally the new glyphs are created by rasterizing the outline font. If your system has the freetype2 library installed (and you checked the "Use FreeType" box) then FontForge will use the FreeType rasterizer to generate bitmaps, otherwise it will use FontForge's built-in rasterizer (which isn't as good, but involves a little less overhead).

  Finally, if you have no outline font then the new glyphs will be created by scaling the (bitmap) font displayed in the font view.

  In CID keyed fonts there will not be a set of bitmaps for each sub font, instead the entire complex of sub-fonts share bitmaps.

  FontForge also supports anti-aliased bitmap fonts, and you can use this dialog to generate them. If you want to generate a 12 point anti-aliased font with 8 bits per pixel you would type 12@8 into the dialog above. FontForge supports 1, 2, 4 and 8 bit per pixel fonts (a 1 bit per pixel font is a standard bitmap, the others are greymaps).
  (New greymaps can not be created by scaling old greymaps, if you wish to generate a greymap font, you must have an outline font).

Regenerate Bitmaps...
  If you have changed the outline that a bitmap is based one then you should (at some point) look into changing the bitmap too. This command allows you to regenerate a subset of the glyphs in a given bitmap font. In the font view you can regenerate all selected glyphs, while in the bitmap and outline views you can regenerate the current glyph. You can pick what pixel sizes should be regenerated too (unlike the above command, removing a bitmap size from the regenerate list will not delete it).
  As before, if you wish to change a greymap you should refer to it by <pixel-size>@<bits-per-pixel>.
Transformations
  This sub-menu has rather different choices in the bitmap view from the other views. (Because bitmaps are discrete and the continous transformations of splines are not meaningful).
  Transform...
    In the Font and Outline Views this brings up the transform dialog. This provides the standard linear transformations you expect to have available (rotation, scaling, translation, skewing).
  Point of View Projection
    This dialog allows you to perform a perspective transformation on your glyphs. (This is a non-linear transformation)
  Non-Linear Transform...
    This dialog allows you to perform a general transformation (which could be linear or which can be non-linear). Essentially you provide two equations for how x and y should be mapped.
  Flip Horizontally
    Flips the bitmap horizontally. (Only in bitmap view)
  Flip Vertically
    Flips the bitmap vertically. (Only in bitmap view)
  Rotate 90° CW
    Rotates the bitmap 90° clockwise. (Only in bitmap view)
  Rotate 90° CCW
    Rotates the bitmap 90° counter-clockwise. (Only in bitmap view)
  Rotate 180°
    Rotates the bitmap 180° (Only in bitmap view)
  Skew
    Allows you to specify a ratio by which to skew the bitmap 1:3 means for every 3 pixel rise in y, skew the bitmap one pixel horizontally. (Only in bitmap view)
Non Linear Transform...
  This command is not available in the default build, you must modify the file `configure-fontforge.h` and then rebuild FontForge. This command allows the user to specify a non-linear transformation as a pair of expressions (the first specifies the transformation for the x coordinate, the second for the y coordinate). These expressions may be fairly general functions of x and y. See the scripting page for a description of the syntax.
Expand Stroke...
  Not in the bitmap view. In the font view it applies to all foreground splines in all selected glyphs. In the outline view it applies to all paths that have at least one point selected (or if no points are selected then it applies to all paths).
  Above is a simple example of what expand stroke can do. It takes the two open paths above left and turns them into the two closed paths right.
  The Expand Stroke dialog gives you control over various aspects of the expansion process. You can chose a stroke width, how the ends of an open path should be drawn, and how the path should look when two splines (or lines) join which do not have the same slope (ie. at a corner point). Or you may choose to have the path be that which would be traced by a calligraphic pen, or an elliptical pen. For closed contours you may also choose to remove either the generated contour which is inside the original, or that which is outside (Note: Make sure your glyph is oriented correctly with Edit->Correct Direction before removing a contour (if misoriented the wrong contour is removed)).

  How is this done?

Tile Path
  This command is not available in the default build, you must modify the file `configure-fontforge.h` and then rebuild FontForge. Not available in quadratic (truetype) fonts. This command takes the contents of the clipboard and treats it as a tile which is applied to any selected contours.
Overlap
  None of these is available in the bitmap view.
  Remove Overlap
    Not in the bitmap view, not available when the font has quadratic splines1. If two closed paths intersect then there will be overlap. This will get rid of it, leaving one closed path behind.

    Make sure paths have the correct orientation. Consider the letter "O" with two contours. If both contours run in the same direction then the inner path will be removed (because the outer path overlaps it everywhere), but if the contours run in oposite orientations then the inner path will be retained. Things get very strange if you have intersecting paths with different orientations.

    This command is probably the buggiest in FontForge. So before FontForge invokes the command it will save the state to the error recovery file.
    Warning: Splines which are tangent (or nearly so) cause problems. Points which are close together can cause problems.

  Intersect

    This will remove everything not in the intersection of two regions.

  Exclude

    This will remove the selected contours from the unselected ones. Only available in the outline glyph view.

  Find Intersections
    This finds the places where overlapping contours intersect and inserts points at those locations.
Simplify
  Simplify
    Not in the bitmap view. If you have lots of points on a path, some of which do not materially add to the path's shape, then this command will remove the extraneous points. (It will not remove points where the slope at the point is horizontal or vertical as postscript likes to have these points present).

    How is this done?

  Simplify More
    This is a variant of the simplify command. It brings up a dialog which gives you control over what sorts of errors this simplification is allowed to induce. You can control:
    - How far the simplified contour is allowed to stray from the original
    - Whether to allow removal of extreme points
    - Whether to allow the slope to change at points.
    - Whether to make corner points into curve points (by adjusting the control points)
    - Whether to flatten small bumps off of lines
    - Whether to try to simplify straight lines at all

    Finally, you may specify whether this set of values should become the default value for future Simplify commands

  Cleanup Glyph
    This is a special case of the simplify command. In this case if there is a spline which actually traces out a line but none the less has control points, then this command will remove the control points. It will also cleanup zero length splines.
Add Extrema
  Not in the bitmap view. Both TrueType and Type1 say that there should be points on the contour where it reaches its extreme horizontal and vertical values. In the outline view, if any points are selected, this will add points at all extrema on splines between selected points. In the font view, metrics view (or if nothing is selected in the outline view) it will add extrema to a spline if: 1) The spline is longer than the em-size/32, or 2) the entire contour (rather than just the current spline) attains its maximum/minimum value at this point. If the added extrema is extremely close to an already existing point, fontforge may remove that point to avoid creating tiny splines.
Effects
  Not in quadratic (truetype) fonts.
  Outline
    Changes the selected glyphs so that instead of being a solid block, only the outline of the glyph is visible. The glyphs' bounding boxes will not change.
  Inline
    Changes the selected glyphs so that the glyph is surrounded by an outline. The glyphs' bounding boxes will not change.
  Shadow
    Changes the selected glyphs to give them each a shadow. The user has control over the shadow size and angle.
  Wireframe
    Changes the selected glyphs to give them a 3D wireframe look.
MetaFont...
  This dialog is only present in the font and outline glyph views, not in quadratic (truetype) fonts. It allows you to make fonts bolder or condensed. It doesn't work very well.
  NOTE: It does not read TeX .mf files. The name is chosen because it has some similarity in terms of features.
AutoTrace
  This command is only available if you have downloaded Martin Weber's autotrace program, or Peter Selinger's potrace. If you have a background image in a glyph then autotrace will automagically trace the outlines of that image. See the section on autotracing for more information.
Align menu
  This submenu is only present in the outline view, it allows you to align points or to space them out along an axis.
  Average Points
    This will look at all the selected points and find the coordinate with the least change. Then it will average find the median point on that axis and set all the selected points to have that value for the appropriate coordinate.
    So if you have a line which is almost horizontal, and select its endpoints and apply this command it will be horizontal.
    (if you select exactly two points, and they lie close to a 45 diagonal, then they will be forced to the diagonal rather than to horizontal/vertical)
  Space Points
    If you have three or more points selected then FontForge will figure out the coordinate that has the greatest change and will space the points out regularly along that axis.
    If you select one point (and that point is in the middle of a path) then (internally) the point's location will be expressed in a coordinate system which is rotated so that one axis is parallel to the line between the two points that surround the selected point. The selected point will be moved mid-way between the two on this axis, while it's other coordinate remains fixed.
    That's an extremely complicated way of saying: If the selected point is connected to two points which are on a horizontal line, then the selected point's x coordinate will be midway between the two, while its y coordinate remains unchanged.
  Space Regions
    This is similar to the above command except that it allows you to make a rather simple definition of a collection of points which should be moved together. Each of these regions will be regularly spaced along the chosen axis. A region is defined as a collection of points, each one of which is within some maximum distance of at least one other point in the region. The purpose of this is to allow you to space out the stems of the letter "m" so that they regularly spaced horizontally. Sadly it won't work in many cases because in a serifed font the serifs will often be closer to each other than to their respective stems.
  Make Parallel
    If four points are selected, and there are two lines between them, then FontForge will make those lines parallel. If there are four lines between them (ie. they form a quadrilateral, then FontForge will turn it into a parallelogram. (note, this only works on lines, not on curved splines)
    The last point selected will be the one moved (sometimes FontForge doesn't remember which point was selected last, then it will just pick one randomly. If you don't want that to happen, select your points and then single click on the one you want moved).
Round
  Round to Int
    Not in the bitmap view. FontForge stores point locations as real numbers (ie. it retains fractional values). TrueType only supports integral values (And much of the time you want integral values in Type1 and Type2 fonts also -- using real numbers makes font files bigger), so when generating the font points are rounded to integral values. This command will round all selected locations to the closest integer.
  Round to Hundredths
    Not in bitmap or metrics views. FontForge's Type1 output is limited to hundredths of an em-unit, even when rounding is turned off in the Generate [Options] dialog.
  Round to Cluster
    Occasionally you want to make sure that coordinates which are close together have the same value. This command will do that.
Order
  This changes the order in which contours, references and images are drawn. It is almost useless because this order of contours and references does not affect the final appearance of the glyph. The only relevance it has is when interpolating fonts and in multiple master fonts. Here similar contours must appear in the same order.

  If you have a glyph which contains both contours and references, FontForge does not specify whether references or contours are drawn first (or whether the two are intermixed). If this matters to you, unlink your references.

Clockwise
  Only in the outline view. If all selected paths have a clockwise direction then this will be checked. Selecting it will make all paths be clockwise.

  If not paths are selected, or if all selected paths are open this will be greyed out. I a selected path intersects itself results are indeterminate.

Counter-Clockwise
  Only in the outline view. If all selected paths have a counter-clockwise direction then this will be checked. Selecting it will make all paths be counter-clockwise.

  If not paths are selected, or if all selected paths are open this will be greyed out. I a selected path intersects itself results are indeterminate.

Correct Direction
  Not in the bitmap view. Sets the direction of outermost paths to be clockwise. The next path crossed will be made counter-clockwise, the next clockwise, etc.
  This command may produce unexpected results if two splines cross.
  If a glyph contains a flipped reference, this command will be unable to correct the contours inside of the reference directly, instead it will offer to unlink the reference after which it can treat its (former) contours like any others.
Build Accented/Composite Glyph
  Not in the bitmap view.

  The first menu item will only build accented letters, the second will build general composite glyphs (fractions, ligatures, digits inside parens, roman numerals, etc.) as well.

  If the current glyph is an accented glyph (and all the base glyphs and accents have already been created) then this command will delete anything that is currently in the foreground and put a reference to the base glyph and another reference to the accent glyph into the foreground. So if the current glyph were "À" then a reference to "A" would be added to it, and a reference to "`" would be centered above the "A".
  If Copy From is set to All Fonts then any bitmaps will have a similar process done (even in the outline glyph view).
  A more complete description is given in the section on accented glyphs.

Build Duplicate
  Only in the font view.
  Consider the letters "Alpha" and "A". Often these may be represented by the same glyph. This command which change the encoding slightly so that the encoding for U+0391 will refer to the glyph named "A". Note that this is subtly different from refering to a glyph named "Alpha" which refers to another glyph named "A".
Merge Fonts...
  Only in the font view. If you are building a unicode font you will often want to merge in fonts with other encodings. You can, of course, cut and paste from one to the other, but usually that needs to be done one glyph at a time (because the encoding may not be ordered the same as Unicode). Instead, if your fonts are properly encoded (with proper unicode names), then the Merge Fonts command will put them into the right places in the current font.

  FontForge does the following when merging CID-keyed fonts:

  - If the font in the window (the mergee) is a normal font and the other font (the merger) is a CID keyed font, then the merger font is effectively flattened and the result merged into the mergee.
  - If the mergee is a CID keyed font and the merger font is a normal font then the merger font will be merged into whichever of the mergee's subfonts is currently active.
  - If both are CID keyed fonts, then they should:
    - Have the same registry and ordering
    - The supplement number of the mergee should be at least as big as that of the merger
    - The mergee should have at least as many subfonts as the merger.

    If these conditions be met then any CIDs from the merger which are not present in the mergee will be merged into the same subfont of the mergee as they came from in the merger.

    This strikes me as somewhat problematic, but I can't think of a better solution.

Interpolate Fonts...
  Only in the font view. If you have a bold font and a light font and would like to create a medium font, then you can interpolate a font between the two (or you can extrapolate a font that's even bolder or lighter). Your two fonts must have the same sets of glyphs, and each glyph must have the same number of paths (ordered similarly) and each path must have the same number of points on it, and must have the same references.

  Examples: If you are interpolating from a light font to a bold one, then a medium font might be 50% between the two, an extra-bold font might be 200% and a thin one -100%.

Compare Fonts...
  Sometimes it is useful to compare two versions of a font and see what has changed. This command will allow you to check:
  - The addition or removal of glyphs
  - Changes to outline glyphs
  - Changes to bitmap glyphs
  - Changes to the font's names (truetype 'name' table and some postscript names)
  - Changes to the font's glyph substitutions (ligatures and whatnot)
  - Changes to the font's glyph positioning (kerning and whatnot)

  You can also use it to compare truetype and postscript versions of the same font. Normally fontforge checks to make sure all the splines match exactly, but you can also have it test whether a contour in one font is always close to the similar contour in another font, or whether a contour in one font is inside a reference in another (these are common when comparing PostScript fonts where the format loses references).

  Comparing PostScript hintmasks is another somewhat iffy topic. There are often many equivalent (I think) hint mask possibilities, but I don't have a good algorithm for saying that they are equivalent -- especially since Adobe uses hints in ways which I find unexpected.

## Other menus

- File
- Edit
- Point
- Element
- Hints
- Encoding
- View
- Metrics
- CID
- MM
- Window
- Help
- Hot Keys

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