## Manipulating Java code

Your plug-in can use the JDT API to create classes or interfaces, add methods to existing types, or alter the methods for types.

The simplest way to alter Java objects is to use the Java element API. More general techniques can be used to work with the raw source code for a Java element.

### Code modification using Java elements

#### Generating a compilation unit

The easiest way to programmatically generate a compilation unit is to use IPackageFragment.createCompilationUnit. You specify the name and contents of the compilation unit. The compilation unit is created inside the package and the new ICompilationUnit is returned.

A compilation unit can be created generically by creating a file resource whose extension is ".java" in the appropriate folder that corresponds to the package directory. Using the generic resource API is a back door to the Java tooling, so the Java model is not updated until the generic resource change listeners are notified and the JDT listeners update the Java model with the new compilation unit.

#### Modifying a compilation unit

Most simple modifications of Java source can be done using the Java element API.

For example, you can query a type from a compilation unit. Once you have the IType, you can use protocols such as createField, createInitializer, createMethod, or createType to add source code members to the type. The source code and information about the location of the member is supplied in these methods.

The ISourceManipulation interface defines common source manipulations for Java elements. This includes methods for renaming, moving, copying, or deleting a type's member.

#### Working copies

Code can be modified by manipulating the compilation unit (and thus the underlying IFile is modified) or one can modify an in-memory copy of the compilation unit called a working copy.

A working copy is obtained from a compilation unit using the getWorkingCopy method. (Note that the compilation unit does not need to exist in the Java model in order for a working copy to be created.) Whoever creates such a working copy is responsible for discarding it when not needed any longer using the discardWorkingCopy method.

Working copies modify an in-memory buffer. The getWorkingCopy() method creates a default buffer, but clients can provide their own buffer implementation using the getWorkingCopy(WorkingCopyOwner, IProgressMonitor) method. Clients can manipulate the text of this buffer directly. If they do so, they must synchronize the working copy with the buffer from time to time using either the reconcile(int, boolean, WorkingCopyOwner, IProgressMonitor) method.

Finally a working copy can be saved to disk (replacing the original compilation unit) using the commitWorkingCopy method.

For example the following code snippet creates a working copy on a compilation unit using a custom working copy owner. The snippet modifies the buffer, reconciles the changes, commits the changes to disk and finally discards the working copy.

        // Get original compilation unit
        ICompilationUnit originalUnit = ...;

        // Get working copy owner
        WorkingCopyOwner owner = ...;

        // Create working copy
        ICompilationUnit workingCopy = originalUnit.getWorkingCopy(owner, null);

        // Modify buffer and reconcile
        IBuffer buffer = ((IOpenable)workingCopy).getBuffer();
        buffer.append("class X {}");
        workingCopy.reconcile(ICompilationUnit.NO_AST, false, null, null);

        // Commit changes
        workingCopy.commitWorkingCopy(false, null);

        // Destroy working copy
        workingCopy.discardWorkingCopy();

The compilation unit's buffer can also be modified using the ICompilationUnit.applyTextEdit method.

        // Get original compilation unit
        ICompilationUnit originalUnit = ...;

        // Get working copy owner
        WorkingCopyOwner owner = ...;

        // Create working copy
        ICompilationUnit workingCopy = originalUnit.getWorkingCopy(owner, null);

        // Get text edits
        TextEdit edit = ...;

        // Modify buffer and reconcile
        workingCopy.applyTextEdit(edit, null);
        workingCopy.reconcile(ICompilationUnit.NO_AST, false, null, null);

        // Commit changes
        workingCopy.commitWorkingCopy(false, null);

        // Destroy working copy
        workingCopy.discardWorkingCopy();

Working copies can also be shared by several clients using a working copy owner. A working copy can be later retrieved using the findWorkingCopy method. A shared working copy is thus keyed on the original compilation unit and on a working copy owner.

The following shows how client 1 creates a shared working copy, client 2 retrieves this working copy, client 1 discards the working copy, and client 2 trying to retrieve the shared working copy notices it does not exist any longer:

        // Client 1 & 2: Get original compilation unit
        ICompilationUnit originalUnit = ...;

        // Client 1 & 2: Get working copy owner
        WorkingCopyOwner owner = ...;

        // Client 1: Create shared working copy
        ICompilationUnit workingCopyForClient1 = originalUnit.getWorkingCopy(owner, null);

        // Client 2: Retrieve shared working copy
        ICompilationUnit workingCopyForClient2 = originalUnit.findWorkingCopy(owner);

        // This is the same working copy
        assert workingCopyForClient1 == workingCopyForClient2;

        // Client 1: Discard shared working copy
        workingCopyForClient1.discardWorkingCopy();

        // Client 2: Attempt to retrieve shared working copy and find out it's null
        workingCopyForClient2 = originalUnit.findWorkingCopy(owner);
        assert workingCopyForClient2 == null;

### Code modification using the DOM/AST API

There are three ways to create a CompilationUnit. The first one is to use ASTParser. The second is to use ICompilationUnit#reconcile(...). The third is to start from scratch using the factory methods on AST (Abstract Syntax Tree).

#### Creating an AST from existing source code

An instance of ASTParser must be created with ASTParser.newParser(int).
The source code is given to the ASTParser with one of the following methods:

- setSource(char[]): to create the AST from source code
- setSource(IClassFile): to create the AST from a classfile
- setSource(ICompilationUnit): to create the AST from a compilation unit

Then the AST is created by calling createAST(IProgressMonitor).
The result is an AST with correct source positions for each node. The resolution of bindings has to be requested before the creation of the tree with setResolveBindings(boolean). Resolving the bindings is a costly operation and should be done only when necessary. As soon as the tree has been modified, all positions and bindings are lost.
Note that some bindings recovery can also be done during this resolution with setBindingsRecovery(boolean). Using this recovery, some bindings - typically missing types - will no longer be `null`, hence improving the resilience of any clients using the AST tree.

#### Creating an AST by reconciling a working copy

If a working copy is not consistent (has been modified) then an AST can be created by calling the method reconcile(int, boolean, WorkingCopyOwner, IProgressMonitor). To request AST creation, call the reconcile(...) method with AST.JLS3 as first parameter.
Its bindings are computed only if the problem requestor is active, or if the problem detection is forced. Resolving the bindings is a costly operation and should be done only when necessary. As soon as the tree has been modified, all positions and bindings are lost.
Note that some bindings recovery can also be done during this resolution with by using the method reconcile(int, int, boolean, WorkingCopyOwner, IProgressMonitor) with the flag ENABLE_BINDINGS_RECOVERY set on the second parameter. Using this recovery, some bindings - typically missing types - will no longer be `null`, hence improving the resilience of any clients using the AST tree.

#### From scratch

It is possible to create a CompilationUnit from scratch using the factory methods on AST. These method names start with new.... The following is an example that creates a HelloWorld class.

The first snippet is the generated output:

    	package example;
    	import java.util.*;
    	public class HelloWorld {
    		public static void main(String[] args) {
    			System.out.println("Hello" + " world");
    		}
    	}

The following snippet is the corresponding code that generates the output.

    		AST ast = AST.newAST(AST.JLS3);
    		CompilationUnit unit = ast.newCompilationUnit();
    		PackageDeclaration packageDeclaration = ast.newPackageDeclaration();
    		packageDeclaration.setName(ast.newSimpleName("example"));
    		unit.setPackage(packageDeclaration);
    		ImportDeclaration importDeclaration = ast.newImportDeclaration();
    		QualifiedName name =
    			ast.newQualifiedName(
    				ast.newSimpleName("java"),
    				ast.newSimpleName("util"));
    		importDeclaration.setName(name);
    		importDeclaration.setOnDemand(true);
    		unit.imports().add(importDeclaration);
    		TypeDeclaration type = ast.newTypeDeclaration();
    		type.setInterface(false);
    		type.modifiers().add(ast.newModifier(Modifier.ModifierKeyword.PUBLIC_KEYWORD));
    		type.setName(ast.newSimpleName("HelloWorld"));
    		MethodDeclaration methodDeclaration = ast.newMethodDeclaration();
    		methodDeclaration.setConstructor(false);
    		List modifiers = methodDeclaration.modifiers();
    		modifiers.add(ast.newModifier(Modifier.ModifierKeyword.PUBLIC_KEYWORD));
    		modifiers.add(ast.newModifier(Modifier.ModifierKeyword.STATIC_KEYWORD));
    		methodDeclaration.setName(ast.newSimpleName("main"));
    		methodDeclaration.setReturnType2(ast.newPrimitiveType(PrimitiveType.VOID));
    		SingleVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration = ast.newSingleVariableDeclaration();
    		variableDeclaration.setType(ast.newArrayType(ast.newSimpleType(ast.newSimpleName("String"))));
    		variableDeclaration.setName(ast.newSimpleName("args"));
    		methodDeclaration.parameters().add(variableDeclaration);
    		org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.Block block = ast.newBlock();
    		MethodInvocation methodInvocation = ast.newMethodInvocation();
    		name =
    			ast.newQualifiedName(
    				ast.newSimpleName("System"),
    				ast.newSimpleName("out"));
    		methodInvocation.setExpression(name);
    		methodInvocation.setName(ast.newSimpleName("println"));
    		InfixExpression infixExpression = ast.newInfixExpression();
    		infixExpression.setOperator(InfixExpression.Operator.PLUS);
    		StringLiteral literal = ast.newStringLiteral();
    		literal.setLiteralValue("Hello");
    		infixExpression.setLeftOperand(literal);
    		literal = ast.newStringLiteral();
    		literal.setLiteralValue(" world");
    		infixExpression.setRightOperand(literal);
    		methodInvocation.arguments().add(infixExpression);
    		ExpressionStatement expressionStatement = ast.newExpressionStatement(methodInvocation);
    		block.statements().add(expressionStatement);
    		methodDeclaration.setBody(block);
    		type.bodyDeclarations().add(methodDeclaration);
    		unit.types().add(type);

#### Retrieving extra positions

The DOM/AST node contains only a pair of positions (the starting position and the length of the node). This is not always sufficient. In order to retrieve intermediate positions, the IScanner API should be used. For example, we have an InstanceofExpression for which we want to know the positions of the instanceof operator. We could write the following method to achieve this:

    	private int[] getOperatorPosition(Expression expression, char[] source) {
    		if (expression instanceof InstanceofExpression) {
    			IScanner scanner = ToolFactory.createScanner(false, false, false, false);
    			scanner.setSource(source);
    			int start = expression.getStartPosition();
    			int end = start + expression.getLength();
    			scanner.resetTo(start, end);
    			int token;
    			try {
    				while ((token = scanner.getNextToken()) != ITerminalSymbols.TokenNameEOF) {
    					switch(token) {
    						case ITerminalSymbols.TokenNameinstanceof:
    							return new int[] {scanner.getCurrentTokenStartPosition(), scanner.getCurrentTokenEndPosition()};
    					}
    				}
    			} catch (InvalidInputException e) {
    			}
    		}
    		return null;
    	}

The IScanner is used to divide the input source into tokens. Each token has a specific value that is defined in the ITerminalSymbols interface. It is fairly simple to iterate and retrieve the right token. We also recommend that you use the scanner if you want to find the position of the super keyword in a SuperMethodInvocation.

#### Source code modifcations

Some source code modifications are not provided via the Java element API. A more general way to edit source code (such as changing the source code for existing elements) is accomplished using the compilation unit's raw source code and the rewrite API of the DOM/AST.

To perform DOM/AST rewriting, there are two sets of API: the descriptive rewriting and the modifying rewriting.

The descriptive API does not modify the AST but use ASTRewrite API to generate the descriptions of modifications. The AST rewriter collects descriptions of modifications to nodes and translates these descriptions into text edits that can then be applied to the original source.

       // creation of a Document
       ICompilationUnit cu = ... ; // content is "public class X {\n}"
       String source = cu.getSource();
       Document document= new Document(source);

       // creation of DOM/AST from a ICompilationUnit
       ASTParser parser = ASTParser.newParser(AST.JLS3);
       parser.setSource(cu);
       CompilationUnit astRoot = (CompilationUnit) parser.createAST(null);

       // creation of ASTRewrite
       ASTRewrite rewrite = ASTRewrite.create(astRoot.getAST());

       // description of the change
       SimpleName oldName = ((TypeDeclaration)astRoot.types().get(0)).getName();
       SimpleName newName = astRoot.getAST().newSimpleName("Y");
       rewrite.replace(oldName, newName, null);

       // computation of the text edits
       TextEdit edits = rewrite.rewriteAST(document, cu.getJavaProject().getOptions(true));

       // computation of the new source code
       edits.apply(document);
       String newSource = document.get();

       // update of the compilation unit
       cu.getBuffer().setContents(newSource);

The modifying API allows to modify directly the AST:

- Request the recording of modifications (CompilationUnit.recordModifications()).
- Perform the modifications on the AST Nodes.
- And when the modifications are finished, generate text edits that can then be applied to the original source (CompilationUnit.rewrite(...)).

       // creation of a Document
       ICompilationUnit cu = ... ; // content is "public class X {\n}"
       String source = cu.getSource();
       Document document= new Document(source);

       // creation of DOM/AST from a ICompilationUnit
       ASTParser parser = ASTParser.newParser(AST.JLS3);
       parser.setSource(cu);
       CompilationUnit astRoot = (CompilationUnit) parser.createAST(null);

       // start record of the modifications
       astRoot.recordModifications();

       // modify the AST
       TypeDeclaration typeDeclaration = (TypeDeclaration)astRoot.types().get(0);
       SimpleName newName = astRoot.getAST().newSimpleName("Y");
       typeDeclaration.setName(newName);

       // computation of the text edits
       TextEdit edits = astRoot.rewrite(document, cu.getJavaProject().getOptions(true));

       // computation of the new source code
       edits.apply(document);
       String newSource = document.get();

       // update of the compilation unit
       cu.getBuffer().setContents(newSource);

### Responding to changes in Java elements

If your plug-in needs to know about changes to Java elements after the fact, you can register a Java IElementChangedListener with JavaCore.

       JavaCore.addElementChangedListener(new MyJavaElementChangeReporter());

You can be more specific and specify the type of events you're interested in using addElementChangedListener(IElementChangedListener, int).

For example, if you're only interested in listening for events during a reconcile operation:

       JavaCore.addElementChangedListener(new MyJavaElementChangeReporter(), ElementChangedEvent.POST_RECONCILE);

There are two kinds of events that are supported by JavaCore:

- POST_CHANGE: Listeners of this event kind will get notified during the corresponding POST_CHANGE resource change notification.
- POST_RECONCILE: Listeners of this event kind will get notified at the end of a reconcile operation on a working copy (see ICompilationUnit.reconcile(int, boolean, WorkingCopyOwner, IProgressMonitor)).

Java element change listeners are similar conceptually to resource change listeners (described in tracking resource changes). The following snippet implements a Java element change reporter that prints the element deltas to the system console.

       public class MyJavaElementChangeReporter implements IElementChangedListener {
          public void elementChanged(ElementChangedEvent event) {
             IJavaElementDelta delta= event.getDelta();
             if (delta != null) {
                System.out.println("delta received: ");
                System.out.print(delta);
             }
          }
       }

The IJavaElementDelta includes the element that was changed and flags describing the kind of change that occurred. Most of the time the delta tree is rooted at the Java Model level. Clients must then navigate this delta using getAffectedChildren to find out what projects have changed.

The following example method traverses a delta and prints the elements that have been added, removed and changed:

        void traverseAndPrint(IJavaElementDelta delta) {
            switch (delta.getKind()) {
                case IJavaElementDelta.ADDED:
                    System.out.println(delta.getElement() + " was added");
                    break;
                case IJavaElementDelta.REMOVED:
                    System.out.println(delta.getElement() + " was removed");
                    break;
                case IJavaElementDelta.CHANGED:
                    System.out.println(delta.getElement() + " was changed");
                    if ((delta.getFlags() & IJavaElementDelta.F_CHILDREN) != 0) {
                        System.out.println("The change was in its children");
                    }
                    if ((delta.getFlags() & IJavaElementDelta.F_CONTENT) != 0) {
                        System.out.println("The change was in its content");
                    }
                    /* Others flags can also be checked */
                    break;
            }
            IJavaElementDelta[] children = delta.getAffectedChildren();
            for (int i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
                traverseAndPrint(children[i]);
            }
        }

Since IAnnotations are not children of any Java element, annotation deltas are obtained using getAnnotationDeltas().

Several kinds of operations can trigger a Java element change notification. Here are some examples:

- Creating a resource, e.g. IPackageFragment.createCompilationUnit (the delta indicates the addition of the compilation unit)
- Modifying a resource, e.g. ICompilationUnit.createType (the delta indicates that the compilation unit has changed and that a type was added as a child of this compilation unit)
- Modifying a project's classpath, e.g. IJavaProject.setRawClasspath (the delta indicates that package fragment roots have been added to the classpath, removed from the classpath, or reordered on the classpath)
- Modifying a classpath variable value, e.g. JavaCore.setClasspathVariable (the delta also indicates that package fragment roots have been affected)
- Reconciling a working copy with its buffer, e.g. ICompilationUnit.reconcile
- Modifying an IFile that ends with ".java" and that is on the project's classpath, e.g. using IFile.setContents (the delta indicates that a compilation unit was changed, but no finer-grained information is provided as this was not done through a Java Model operation)

Similar to IResourceDelta the Java element deltas can be batched using an IWorkspaceRunnable. The deltas resulting from several Java Model operations that are run inside a IWorkspaceRunnable are merged and reported at once.

JavaCore provides a run method for batching Java element changes.

For example, the following code fragment will trigger 2 Java element change events:

        // Get package
        IPackageFragment pkg = ...;

        // Create 2 compilation units
        ICompilationUnit unitA = pkg.createCompilationUnit("A.java", "public class A {}", false, null);
        ICompilationUnit unitB = pkg.createCompilationUnit("B.java", "public class B {}", false, null);

Whereas the following code fragment will trigger 1 Java element change event:

        // Get package
        final IPackageFragment pkg = ...;

        // Create 2 compilation units
        JavaCore.run(
            new IWorkspaceRunnable() {
     	        public void run(IProgressMonitor monitor) throws CoreException {
     	            ICompilationUnit unitA = pkg.createCompilationUnit("A.java", "public class A {}", false, null);
     	            ICompilationUnit unitB = pkg.createCompilationUnit("B.java", "public class B {}", false, null);
     	        }
            },
            null);