Subsections

- Before Running Bacula
- Starting the Database
- Starting the Daemons
- Using the Director to Query and Start Jobs
- Running a Job
- Restoring Your Files
- Quitting the Console Program
- Adding a Second Client
- When The Tape Fills
- Other Useful Console Commands
- Debug Daemon Output
- Patience When Starting Daemons or Mounting Blank Tapes
- Difficulties Connecting from the FD to the SD
- Daemon Command Line Options
- Creating a Pool
- Labeling Your Volumes
- Labeling Volumes with the Console Program

#
A Brief Tutorial

This chapter will guide you through running Bacula. To do so, we assume you have installed Bacula, possibly in a single file as shown in the previous chapter, in which case, you can run Bacula as non-root for these tests. However, we assume that you have not changed the .conf files. If you have modified the .conf files, please go back and uninstall Bacula, then reinstall it, but do not make any changes. The examples in this chapter use the default configuration files, and will write the volumes to disk in your /tmp directory, in addition, the data backed up will be the source directory where you built Bacula. As a consequence, you can run all the Bacula daemons for these tests as non-root. Please note, in production, your File daemon(s) must run as root. See the Security chapter for more information on this subject.

The general flow of running Bacula is:

1. cd <install-directory>
2. Start the Database (if using MySQL or PostgreSQL)
3. Start the Daemons with ./bacula start
4. Start the Console program to interact with the Director
5. Run a job
6. When the Volume fills, unmount the Volume, if it is a tape, label a new one, and continue running. In this chapter, we will write only to disk files so you won't need to worry about tapes for the moment.
7. Test recovering some files from the Volume just written to ensure the backup is good and that you know how to recover. Better test before disaster strikes
8. Add a second client.

Each of these steps is described in more detail below.

# Before Running Bacula

Before running Bacula for the first time in production, we recommend that you run the test command in the btape program as described in the Utility Program Chapter of this manual. This will help ensure that Bacula functions correctly with your tape drive. If you have a modern HP, Sony, or Quantum DDS or DLT tape drive running on Linux or Solaris, you can probably skip this test as Bacula is well tested with these drives and systems. For all other cases, you are strongly encouraged to run the test before continuing. btape also has a fill command that attempts to duplicate what Bacula does when filling a tape and writing on the next tape. You should consider trying this command as well, but be forewarned, it can take hours (about four hours on my drive) to fill a large capacity tape.

#
Starting the Database

If you are using MySQL or PostgreSQL as the Bacula database, you should start it before you attempt to run a job to avoid getting error messages from Bacula when it starts. The scripts startmysql and stopmysql are what I (Kern) use to start and stop my local MySQL. Note, if you are using SQLite, you will not want to use startmysql or stopmysql. If you are running this in production, you will probably want to find some way to automatically start MySQL or PostgreSQL after each system reboot.

If you are using SQLite (i.e. you specified the `--`with-sqlite=xxx option on the ./configure command, you need do nothing. SQLite is automatically started by Bacula.

#
Starting the Daemons

Assuming you have built from source or have installed the rpms, to start the three daemons, from your installation directory, simply enter:

./bacula start

The bacula script starts the Storage daemon, the File daemon, and the Director daemon, which all normally run as daemons in the background. If you are using the autostart feature of Bacula, your daemons will either be automatically started on reboot, or you can control them individually with the files bacula-dir, bacula-fd, and bacula-sd, which are usually located in /etc/init.d, though the actual location is system dependent. Some distributions may do this differently.

Note, on Windows, currently only the File daemon is ported, and it must be started differently. Please see the Windows Version of Bacula Chapter of this manual.

The rpm packages configure the daemons to run as user=root and group=bacula. The rpm installation also creates the group bacula if it does not exist on the system. Any users that you add to the group bacula will have access to files created by the daemons. To disable or alter this behavior edit the daemon startup scripts:

- /etc/bacula/bacula
- /etc/init.d/bacula-dir
- /etc/init.d/bacula-sd
- /etc/init.d/bacula-fd

and then restart as noted above.

The installation chapter of this manual explains how you can install scripts that will automatically restart the daemons when the system starts.

# Using the Director to Query and Start Jobs

To communicate with the director and to query the state of Bacula or run jobs, from the top level directory, simply enter:

./bconsole

Alternatively to running the command line console, if you have Qt4 installed and used the `--`enable-bat on the configure command, you may use the Bacula Administration Tool (bat):

./bat

Which has a graphical interface, and many more features than bconsole.

Two other possibilities are to run the GNOME console bgnome-console or the wxWidgets program bwx-console.

For simplicity, here we will describe only the ./bconsole program. Most of what is described here applies equally well to ./bat, ./bgnome-console, and to bwx-console.

The ./bconsole runs the Bacula Console program, which connects to the Director daemon. Since Bacula is a network program, you can run the Console program anywhere on your network. Most frequently, however, one runs it on the same machine as the Director. Normally, the Console program will print something similar to the following:

    [kern@polymatou bin]$ ./bconsole
    Connecting to Director lpmatou:9101
    1000 OK: HeadMan Version: 2.1.8 (14 May 2007)
    *

the asterisk is the console command prompt.

Type help to see a list of available commands:

    *help
      Command    Description
      =======    ===========
      add        add media to a pool
      autodisplay autodisplay [on|off] -- console messages
      automount  automount [on|off] -- after label
      cancel     cancel [<jobid=nnn> | <job=name>] -- cancel a job
      create     create DB Pool from resource
      delete     delete [pool=<pool-name> | media volume=<volume-name>]
      disable    disable <job=name> -- disable a job
      enable     enable <job=name> -- enable a job
      estimate   performs FileSet estimate, listing gives full listing
      exit       exit = quit
      gui        gui [on|off] -- non-interactive gui mode
      help       print this command
      list       list [pools | jobs | jobtotals | media <pool=pool-name> |
    files <jobid=nn>]; from catalog
      label      label a tape
      llist      full or long list like list command
      memory     print current memory usage
      messages   messages
      mount      mount <storage-name>
      prune      prune expired records from catalog
      purge      purge records from catalog
      python     python control commands
      quit       quit
      query      query catalog
      restore    restore files
      relabel    relabel a tape
      release    release <storage-name>
      reload     reload conf file
      run        run <job-name>
      status     status [[slots] storage | dir | client]=<name>
      setdebug   sets debug level
      setip      sets new client address -- if authorized
      show       show (resource records) [jobs | pools | ... | all]
      sqlquery   use SQL to query catalog
      time       print current time
      trace      turn on/off trace to file
      unmount    unmount <storage-name>
      umount     umount <storage-name> for old-time Unix guys
      update     update Volume, Pool or slots
      use        use catalog xxx
      var        does variable expansion
      version    print Director version
      wait       wait until no jobs are running [<jobname=name> | <jobid=nnn> | <ujobid=complete_name>]
    *

Details of the console program's commands are explained in the Console Chapter of this manual.

#
Running a Job

At this point, we assume you have done the following:

- Configured Bacula with ./configure `--`your-options
- Built Bacula using make
- Installed Bacula using make install
- Have created your database with, for example, ./create_sqlite_database
- Have created the Bacula database tables with, ./make_bacula_tables
- Have possibly edited your bacula-dir.conf file to personalize it a bit. BE CAREFUL! if you change the Director's name or password, you will need to make similar modifications in the other .conf files. For the moment it is probably better to make no changes.
- You have started Bacula with ./bacula start
- You have invoked the Console program with ./bconsole

Furthermore, we assume for the moment you are using the default configuration files.

At this point, enter the following command:

    show filesets

and you should get something similar to:

    FileSet: name=Full Set
          O M
          N
          I /home/kern/bacula/regress/build
          N
          E /proc
          E /tmp
          E /.journal
          E /.fsck
          N
    FileSet: name=Catalog
          O M
          N
          I /home/kern/bacula/regress/working/bacula.sql
          N

This is a pre-defined FileSet that will backup the Bacula source directory. The actual directory names printed should correspond to your system configuration. For testing purposes, we have chosen a directory of moderate size (about 40 Megabytes) and complexity without being too big. The FileSet Catalog is used for backing up Bacula's catalog and is not of interest to us for the moment. The I entries are the files or directories that will be included in the backup and the E are those that will be excluded, and the O entries are the options specified for the FileSet. You can change what is backed up by editing bacula-dir.conf and changing the File = line in the FileSet resource.

Now is the time to run your first backup job. We are going to backup your Bacula source directory to a File Volume in your /tmp directory just to show you how easy it is. Now enter:

    status dir

and you should get the following output:

    rufus-dir Version: 1.30 (28 April 2003)
    Daemon started 28-Apr-2003 14:03, 0 Jobs run.
    Console connected at 28-Apr-2003 14:03
    No jobs are running.
    Level          Type     Scheduled          Name
    =================================================================
    Incremental    Backup   29-Apr-2003 01:05  Client1
    Full           Backup   29-Apr-2003 01:10  BackupCatalog
    ====

where the times and the Director's name will be different according to your setup. This shows that an Incremental job is scheduled to run for the Job Client1 at 1:05am and that at 1:10, a BackupCatalog is scheduled to run. Note, you should probably change the name Client1 to be the name of your machine, if not, when you add additional clients, it will be very confusing. For my real machine, I use Rufus rather than Client1 as in this example.

Now enter:

    status client

and you should get something like:

    The defined Client resources are:
         1: rufus-fd
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    Connecting to Client rufus-fd at rufus:8102
    rufus-fd Version: 1.30 (28 April 2003)
    Daemon started 28-Apr-2003 14:03, 0 Jobs run.
    Director connected at: 28-Apr-2003 14:14
    No jobs running.
    ====

In this case, the client is named rufus-fd your name will be different, but the line beginning with rufus-fd Version ... is printed by your File daemon, so we are now sure it is up and running.

Finally do the same for your Storage daemon with:

    status storage

and you should get:

    The defined Storage resources are:
         1: File
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    Connecting to Storage daemon File at rufus:8103
    rufus-sd Version: 1.30 (28 April 2003)
    Daemon started 28-Apr-2003 14:03, 0 Jobs run.
    Device /tmp is not open.
    No jobs running.
    ====

You will notice that the default Storage daemon device is named File and that it will use device /tmp, which is not currently open.

Now, let's actually run a job with:

    run

you should get the following output:

    Using default Catalog name=MyCatalog DB=bacula
    A job name must be specified.
    The defined Job resources are:
         1: Client1
         2: BackupCatalog
         3: RestoreFiles
    Select Job resource (1-3):

Here, Bacula has listed the three different Jobs that you can run, and you should choose number 1 and type enter, at which point you will get:

    Run Backup job
    JobName:  Client1
    FileSet:  Full Set
    Level:    Incremental
    Client:   rufus-fd
    Storage:  File
    Pool:     Default
    When:     2003-04-28 14:18:57
    OK to run? (yes/mod/no):

At this point, take some time to look carefully at what is printed and understand it. It is asking you if it is OK to run a job named Client1 with FileSet Full Set (we listed above) as an Incremental job on your Client (your client name will be different), and to use Storage File and Pool Default, and finally, it wants to run it now (the current time should be displayed by your console).

Here we have the choice to run (yes), to modify one or more of the above parameters (mod), or to not run the job (no). Please enter yes, at which point you should immediately get the command prompt (an asterisk). If you wait a few seconds, then enter the command messages you will get back something like:

    28-Apr-2003 14:22 rufus-dir: Last FULL backup time not found. Doing
                      FULL backup.
    28-Apr-2003 14:22 rufus-dir: Start Backup JobId 1,
                      Job=Client1.2003-04-28_14.22.33
    28-Apr-2003 14:22 rufus-sd: Job Client1.2003-04-28_14.22.33 waiting.
                      Cannot find any appendable volumes.
    Please use the "label"  command to create a new Volume for:
        Storage:      FileStorage
        Media type:   File
        Pool:         Default

The first message, indicates that no previous Full backup was done, so Bacula is upgrading our Incremental job to a Full backup (this is normal). The second message indicates that the job started with JobId 1., and the third message tells us that Bacula cannot find any Volumes in the Pool for writing the output. This is normal because we have not yet created (labeled) any Volumes. Bacula indicates to you all the details of the volume it needs.

At this point, the job is BLOCKED waiting for a Volume. You can check this if you want by doing a status dir. In order to continue, we must create a Volume that Bacula can write on. We do so with:

    label

and Bacula will print:

    The defined Storage resources are:
         1: File
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    Enter new Volume name:

at which point, you should enter some name beginning with a letter and containing only letters and numbers (period, hyphen, and underscore) are also permitted. For example, enter TestVolume001, and you should get back:

    Defined Pools:
         1: Default
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    Connecting to Storage daemon File at rufus:8103 ...
    Sending label command for Volume "TestVolume001" Slot 0 ...
    3000 OK label. Volume=TestVolume001 Device=/tmp
    Catalog record for Volume "TestVolume002", Slot 0  successfully created.
    Requesting mount FileStorage ...
    3001 OK mount. Device=/tmp

Finally, enter messages and you should get something like:

    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-sd: Wrote label to prelabeled Volume
       "TestVolume001" on device /tmp
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: Bacula 1.30 (28Apr03): 28-Apr-2003 14:30
    JobId:                  1
    Job:                    Client1.2003-04-28_14.22.33
    FileSet:                Full Set
    Backup Level:           Full
    Client:                 rufus-fd
    Start time:             28-Apr-2003 14:22
    End time:               28-Apr-2003 14:30
    Files Written:          1,444
    Bytes Written:          38,988,877
    Rate:                   81.2 KB/s
    Software Compression:   None
    Volume names(s):        TestVolume001
    Volume Session Id:      1
    Volume Session Time:    1051531381
    Last Volume Bytes:      39,072,359
    FD termination status:  OK
    SD termination status:  OK
    Termination:            Backup OK
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: Begin pruning Jobs.
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: No Jobs found to prune.
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: Begin pruning Files.
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: No Files found to prune.
    28-Apr-2003 14:30 rufus-dir: End auto prune.

If you don't see the output immediately, you can keep entering messages until the job terminates, or you can enter, autodisplay on and your messages will automatically be displayed as soon as they are ready.

If you do an ls -l of your /tmp directory, you will see that you have the following item:

    -rw-r-----    1 kern     kern     39072153 Apr 28 14:30 TestVolume001

This is the file Volume that you just wrote and it contains all the data of the job just run. If you run additional jobs, they will be appended to this Volume unless you specify otherwise.

You might ask yourself if you have to label all the Volumes that Bacula is going to use. The answer for disk Volumes, like the one we used, is no. It is possible to have Bacula automatically label volumes. For tape Volumes, you will most likely have to label each of the Volumes you want to use.

If you would like to stop here, you can simply enter quit in the Console program, and you can stop Bacula with ./bacula stop. To clean up, simply delete the file /tmp/TestVolume001, and you should also re-initialize your database using:

    ./drop_bacula_tables
    ./make_bacula_tables

Please note that this will erase all information about the previous jobs that have run, and that you might want to do it now while testing but that normally you will not want to re-initialize your database.

If you would like to try restoring the files that you just backed up, read the following section.

# Restoring Your Files

If you have run the default configuration and the save of the Bacula source code as demonstrated above, you can restore the backed up files in the Console program by entering:

    restore all

where you will get:

    First you select one or more JobIds that contain files
    to be restored. You will be presented several methods
    of specifying the JobIds. Then you will be allowed to
    select which files from those JobIds are to be restored.

    To select the JobIds, you have the following choices:
         1: List last 20 Jobs run
         2: List Jobs where a given File is saved
         3: Enter list of comma separated JobIds to select
         4: Enter SQL list command
         5: Select the most recent backup for a client
         6: Select backup for a client before a specified time
         7: Enter a list of files to restore
         8: Enter a list of files to restore before a specified time
         9: Find the JobIds of the most recent backup for a client
        10: Find the JobIds for a backup for a client before a specified time
        11: Enter a list of directories to restore for found JobIds
        12: Cancel
    Select item:  (1-12):

As you can see, there are a number of options, but for the current demonstration, please enter 5 to do a restore of the last backup you did, and you will get the following output:

    Defined Clients:
         1: rufus-fd
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    The defined FileSet resources are:
         1: 1  Full Set  2003-04-28 14:22:33
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    +-------+-------+----------+---------------------+---------------+
    | JobId | Level | JobFiles | StartTime           | VolumeName    |
    +-------+-------+----------+---------------------+---------------+
    | 1     | F     | 1444     | 2003-04-28 14:22:33 | TestVolume002 |
    +-------+-------+----------+---------------------+---------------+
    You have selected the following JobId: 1
    Building directory tree for JobId 1 ...
    1 Job inserted into the tree and marked for extraction.
    The defined Storage resources are:
         1: File
    Item 1 selected automatically.
    You are now entering file selection mode where you add and
    remove files to be restored. All files are initially added.
    Enter "done" to leave this mode.
    cwd is: /
    $

where I have truncated the listing on the right side to make it more readable. As you can see by starting at the top of the listing, Bacula knows what client you have, and since there was only one, it selected it automatically, likewise for the FileSet. Then Bacula produced a listing containing all the jobs that form the current backup, in this case, there is only one, and the Storage daemon was also automatically chosen. Bacula then took all the files that were in Job number 1 and entered them into a directory tree (a sort of in memory representation of your filesystem). At this point, you can use the cd and ls ro dir commands to walk up and down the directory tree and view what files will be restored. For example, if I enter cd /home/kern/bacula/bacula-1.30 and then enter dir I will get a listing of all the files in the Bacula source directory. On your system, the path will be somewhat different. For more information on this, please refer to the Restore Command Chapter of this manual for more details.

To exit this mode, simply enter:

    done

and you will get the following output:

    Bootstrap records written to
       /home/kern/bacula/testbin/working/restore.bsr
    The restore job will require the following Volumes:

       TestVolume001
    1444 files selected to restore.
    Run Restore job
    JobName:         RestoreFiles
    Bootstrap:      /home/kern/bacula/testbin/working/restore.bsr
    Where:          /tmp/bacula-restores
    Replace:        always
    FileSet:        Full Set
    Backup Client:  rufus-fd
    Restore Client: rufus-fd
    Storage:        File
    JobId:          *None*
    When:           2005-04-28 14:53:54
    OK to run? (yes/mod/no):

If you answer yes your files will be restored to /tmp/bacula-restores. If you want to restore the files to their original locations, you must use the mod option and explicitly set Where: to nothing (or to /). We recommend you go ahead and answer yes and after a brief moment, enter messages, at which point you should get a listing of all the files that were restored as well as a summary of the job that looks similar to this:

    28-Apr-2005 14:56 rufus-dir: Bacula 2.1.8 (08May07): 08-May-2007 14:56:06
    Build OS:               i686-pc-linux-gnu suse 10.2
    JobId:                  2
    Job:                    RestoreFiles.2007-05-08_14.56.06
    Restore Client:         rufus-fd
    Start time:             08-May-2007 14:56
    End time:               08-May-2007 14:56
    Files Restored:         1,444
    Bytes Restored:         38,816,381
    Rate:                   9704.1 KB/s
    FD Errors:              0
    FD termination status:  OK
    SD termination status:  OK
    Termination:            Restore OK
    08-May-2007 14:56 rufus-dir: Begin pruning Jobs.
    08-May-2007 14:56 rufus-dir: No Jobs found to prune.
    08-May-2007 14:56 rufus-dir: Begin pruning Files.
    08-May-2007 14:56 rufus-dir: No Files found to prune.
    08-May-2007 14:56 rufus-dir: End auto prune.

After exiting the Console program, you can examine the files in /tmp/bacula-restores, which will contain a small directory tree with all the files. Be sure to clean up at the end with:

    rm -rf /tmp/bacula-restore

# Quitting the Console Program

Simply enter the command quit.

# Adding a Second Client

If you have gotten the example shown above to work on your system, you may be ready to add a second Client (File daemon). That is you have a second machine that you would like backed up. The only part you need installed on the other machine is the binary bacula-fd (or bacula-fd.exe for Windows) and its configuration file bacula-fd.conf. You can start with the same bacula-fd.conf file that you are currently using and make one minor modification to it to create the conf file for your second client. Change the File daemon name from whatever was configured, rufus-fd in the example above, but your system will have a different name. The best is to change it to the name of your second machine. For example:

    ...
    #
    # "Global" File daemon configuration specifications
    #
    FileDaemon {                          # this is me
      Name = rufus-fd
      FDport = 9102                  # where we listen for the director
      WorkingDirectory = /home/kern/bacula/working
      Pid Directory = /var/run
    }
    ...

would become:

    ...
    #
    # "Global" File daemon configuration specifications
    #
    FileDaemon {                          # this is me
      Name = matou-fd
      FDport = 9102                  # where we listen for the director
      WorkingDirectory = /home/kern/bacula/working
      Pid Directory = /var/run
    }
    ...

where I show just a portion of the file and have changed rufus-fd to matou-fd. The names you use are your choice. For the moment, I recommend you change nothing else. Later, you will want to change the password.

Now you should install that change on your second machine. Then you need to make some additions to your Director's configuration file to define the new File daemon or Client. Starting from our original example which should be installed on your system, you should add the following lines (essentially copies of the existing data but with the names changed) to your Director's configuration file bacula-dir.conf.

    #
    # Define the main nightly save backup job
    #   By default, this job will back up to disk in /tmp
    Job {
      Name = "Matou"
      Type = Backup
      Client = matou-fd
      FileSet = "Full Set"
      Schedule = "WeeklyCycle"
      Storage = File
      Messages = Standard
      Pool = Default
      Write Bootstrap = "/home/kern/bacula/working/matou.bsr"
    }
    # Client (File Services) to backup
    Client {
      Name = matou-fd
      Address = matou
      FDPort = 9102
      Catalog = MyCatalog
      Password = "xxxxx"                  # password for
      File Retention = 30d                # 30 days
      Job Retention = 180d                # six months
      AutoPrune = yes                     # Prune expired Jobs/Files
    }

Then make sure that the Address parameter in the Storage resource is set to the fully qualified domain name and not to something like "localhost". The address specified is sent to the File daemon (client) and it must be a fully qualified domain name. If you pass something like "localhost" it will not resolve correctly and will result in a time out when the File daemon fails to connect to the Storage daemon.

That is all that is necessary. I copied the existing resource to create a second Job (Matou) to backup the second client (matou-fd). It has the name Matou, the Client is named matou-fd, and the bootstrap file name is changed, but everything else is the same. This means that Matou will be backed up on the same schedule using the same set of tapes. You may want to change that later, but for now, let's keep it simple.

The second change was to add a new Client resource that defines matou-fd and has the correct address matou, but in real life, you may need a fully qualified domain name or an IP address. I also kept the password the same (shown as xxxxx for the example).

At this point, if you stop Bacula and restart it, and start the Client on the other machine, everything will be ready, and the prompts that you saw above will now include the second machine.

To make this a real production installation, you will possibly want to use different Pool, or a different schedule. It is up to you to customize. In any case, you should change the password in both the Director's file and the Client's file for additional security.

For some important tips on changing names and passwords, and a diagram of what names and passwords must match, please see Authorization Errors in the FAQ chapter of this manual.

#
When The Tape Fills

If you have scheduled your job, typically nightly, there will come a time when the tape fills up and Bacula cannot continue. In this case, Bacula will send you a message similar to the following:

    rufus-sd: block.c:337 === Write error errno=28: ERR=No space left
              on device

This indicates that Bacula got a write error because the tape is full. Bacula will then search the Pool specified for your Job looking for an appendable volume. In the best of all cases, you will have properly set your Retention Periods and you will have all your tapes marked to be Recycled, and Bacula will automatically recycle the tapes in your pool requesting and overwriting old Volumes. For more information on recycling, please see the Recycling chapter of this manual. If you find that your Volumes were not properly recycled (usually because of a configuration error), please see the Manually Recycling Volumes section of the Recycling chapter.

If like me, you have a very large set of Volumes and you label them with the date the Volume was first writing, or you have not set up your Retention periods, Bacula will not find a tape in the pool, and it will send you a message similar to the following:

    rufus-sd: Job kernsave.2002-09-19.10:50:48 waiting. Cannot find any
              appendable volumes.
    Please use the "label"  command to create a new Volume for:
        Storage:      SDT-10000
        Media type:   DDS-4
        Pool:         Default

Until you create a new Volume, this message will be repeated an hour later, then two hours later, and so on doubling the interval each time up to a maximum interval of one day.

The obvious question at this point is: What do I do now?

The answer is simple: first, using the Console program, close the tape drive using the unmount command. If you only have a single drive, it will be automatically selected, otherwise, make sure you release the one specified on the message (in this case STD-10000).

Next, you remove the tape from the drive and insert a new blank tape. Note, on some older tape drives, you may need to write an end of file mark (mt -f /dev/nst0 weof) to prevent the drive from running away when Bacula attempts to read the label.

Finally, you use the label command in the Console to write a label to the new Volume. The label command will contact the Storage daemon to write the software label, if it is successful, it will add the new Volume to the Pool, then issue a mount command to the Storage daemon. See the previous sections of this chapter for more details on labeling tapes.

The result is that Bacula will continue the previous Job writing the backup to the new Volume.

If you have a Pool of volumes and Bacula is cycling through them, instead of the above message "Cannot find any appendable volumes.", Bacula may ask you to mount a specific volume. In that case, you should attempt to do just that. If you do not have the volume any more (for any of a number of reasons), you can simply mount another volume from the same Pool, providing it is appendable, and Bacula will use it. You can use the list volumes command in the console program to determine which volumes are appendable and which are not.

If like me, you have your Volume retention periods set correctly, but you have no more free Volumes, you can relabel and reuse a Volume as follows:

- Do a list volumes in the Console and select the oldest Volume for relabeling.
- If you have setup your Retention periods correctly, the Volume should have VolStatus Purged.
- If the VolStatus is not set to Purged, you will need to purge the database of Jobs that are written on that Volume. Do so by using the command purge jobs volume in the Console. If you have multiple Pools, you will be prompted for the Pool then enter the VolumeName (or MediaId) when requested.
- Then simply use the relabel command to relabel the Volume.

To manually relabel the Volume use the following additional steps:

- To delete the Volume from the catalog use the delete volume command in the Console and select the VolumeName (or MediaId) to be deleted.

- Use the unmount command in the Console to unmount the old tape.
- Physically relabel the old Volume that you deleted so that it can be reused.
- Insert the old Volume in the tape drive.
- From a command line do: mt -f /dev/st0 rewind and mt -f /dev/st0 weof, where you need to use the proper tape drive name for your system in place of /dev/st0.
- Use the label command in the Console to write a new Bacula label on your tape.
- Use the mount command in the Console if it is not automatically done, so that Bacula starts using your newly labeled tape.

# Other Useful Console Commands

status dir
  Print a status of all running jobs and jobs scheduled in the next 24 hours.

status
  The console program will prompt you to select a daemon type, then will request the daemon's status.

status jobid=nn
  Print a status of JobId nn if it is running. The Storage daemon is contacted and requested to print a current status of the job as well.

list pools
  List the pools defined in the Catalog (normally only Default is used).

list media
  Lists all the media defined in the Catalog.

list jobs
  Lists all jobs in the Catalog that have run.

list jobid=nn
  Lists JobId nn from the Catalog.

list jobtotals
  Lists totals for all jobs in the Catalog.

list files jobid=nn
  List the files that were saved for JobId nn.

list jobmedia
  List the media information for each Job run.

messages
  Prints any messages that have been directed to the console.

unmount storage=storage-name
  Unmounts the drive associated with the storage device with the name storage-name if the drive is not currently being used. This command is used if you wish Bacula to free the drive so that you can use it to label a tape.

mount storage=storage-name
  Causes the drive associated with the storage device to be mounted again. When Bacula reaches the end of a volume and requests you to mount a new volume, you must issue this command after you have placed the new volume in the drive. In effect, it is the signal needed by Bacula to know to start reading or writing the new volume.

quit
  Exit or quit the console program.

Most of the commands given above, with the exception of list, will prompt you for the necessary arguments if you simply enter the command name.

# Debug Daemon Output

If you want debug output from the daemons as they are running, start the daemons from the install directory as follows:

    ./bacula start -d100

This can be particularly helpful if your daemons do not start correctly, because direct daemon output to the console is normally directed to the NULL device, but with the debug level greater than zero, the output will be sent to the starting terminal.

To stop the three daemons, enter the following from the install directory:

    ./bacula stop

The execution of bacula stop may complain about pids not found. This is OK, especially if one of the daemons has died, which is very rare.

To do a full system save, each File daemon must be running as root so that it will have permission to access all the files. None of the other daemons require root privileges. However, the Storage daemon must be able to open the tape drives. On many systems, only root can access the tape drives. Either run the Storage daemon as root, or change the permissions on the tape devices to permit non-root access. MySQL and PostgreSQL can be installed and run with any userid; root privilege is not necessary.

# Patience When Starting Daemons or Mounting Blank Tapes

When you start the Bacula daemons, the Storage daemon attempts to open all defined storage devices and verify the currently mounted Volume (if configured). Until all the storage devices are verified, the Storage daemon will not accept connections from the Console program. If a tape was previously used, it will be rewound, and on some devices this can take several minutes. As a consequence, you may need to have a bit of patience when first contacting the Storage daemon after starting the daemons. If you can see your tape drive, once the lights stop flashing, the drive will be ready to be used.

The same considerations apply if you have just mounted a blank tape in a drive such as an HP DLT. It can take a minute or two before the drive properly recognizes that the tape is blank. If you attempt to mount the tape with the Console program during this recognition period, it is quite possible that you will hang your SCSI driver (at least on my Red Hat Linux system). As a consequence, you are again urged to have patience when inserting blank tapes. Let the device settle down before attempting to access it.

# Difficulties Connecting from the FD to the SD

If you are having difficulties getting one or more of your File daemons to connect to the Storage daemon, it is most likely because you have not used a fully qualified domain name on the Address directive in the Director's Storage resource. That is the resolver on the File daemon's machine (not on the Director's) must be able to resolve the name you supply into an IP address. An example of an address that is guaranteed not to work: localhost. An example that may work: megalon. An example that is more likely to work: magalon.mydomain.com. On Win32 if you don't have a good resolver (often true on older Win98 systems), you might try using an IP address in place of a name.

If your address is correct, then make sure that no other program is using the port 9103 on the Storage daemon's machine. The Bacula port numbers are authorized by IANA, and should not be used by other programs, but apparently some HP printers do use these port numbers. A netstat -a on the Storage daemon's machine can determine who is using the 9103 port (used for FD to SD communications in Bacula).

# Daemon Command Line Options

Each of the three daemons (Director, File, Storage) accepts a small set of options on the command line. In general, each of the daemons as well as the Console program accepts the following options:

-c <file>
  Define the file to use as a configuration file. The default is the daemon name followed by .conf i.e. bacula-dir.conf for the Director, bacula-fd.conf for the File daemon, and bacula-sd for the Storage daemon.

-d nn
  Set the debug level to nn. Higher levels of debug cause more information to be displayed on STDOUT concerning what the daemon is doing.

-f
  Run the daemon in the foreground. This option is needed to run the daemon under the debugger.

-g <group>
  Run the daemon under this group. This must be a group name, not a GID.

-s
  Do not trap signals. This option is needed to run the daemon under the debugger.

-t
  Read the configuration file and print any error messages, then immediately exit. Useful for syntax testing of new configuration files.

-u <user>
  Run the daemon as this user. This must be a user name, not a UID.

-v
  Be more verbose or more complete in printing error and informational messages. Recommended.

-?
  Print the version and list of options.

#
Creating a Pool

Creating the Pool is automatically done when Bacula starts, so if you understand Pools, you can skip to the next section.

When you run a job, one of the things that Bacula must know is what Volumes to use to backup the FileSet. Instead of specifying a Volume (tape) directly, you specify which Pool of Volumes you want Bacula to consult when it wants a tape for writing backups. Bacula will select the first available Volume from the Pool that is appropriate for the Storage device you have specified for the Job being run. When a volume has filled up with data, Bacula will change its VolStatus from Append to Full, and then Bacula will use the next volume and so on. If no appendable Volume exists in the Pool, the Director will attempt to recycle an old Volume, if there are still no appendable Volumes available, Bacula will send a message requesting the operator to create an appropriate Volume.

Bacula keeps track of the Pool name, the volumes contained in the Pool, and a number of attributes of each of those Volumes.

When Bacula starts, it ensures that all Pool resource definitions have been recorded in the catalog. You can verify this by entering:

    list pools

to the console program, which should print something like the following:

    *list pools
    Using default Catalog name=MySQL DB=bacula
    +--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+-------------+
    | PoolId | Name    | NumVols | MaxVols | PoolType | LabelFormat |
    +--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+-------------+
    | 1      | Default | 3       | 0       | Backup   | *           |
    | 2      | File    | 12      | 12      | Backup   | File        |
    +--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+-------------+
    *

If you attempt to create the same Pool name a second time, Bacula will print:

    Error: Pool Default already exists.
    Once created, you may use the {\bf update} command to
    modify many of the values in the Pool record.

# Labeling Your Volumes

Bacula requires that each Volume contains a software label. There are several strategies for labeling volumes. The one I use is to label them as they are needed by Bacula using the console program. That is when Bacula needs a new Volume, and it does not find one in the catalog, it will send me an email message requesting that I add Volumes to the Pool. I then use the label command in the Console program to label a new Volume and to define it in the Pool database, after which Bacula will begin writing on the new Volume. Alternatively, I can use the Console relabel command to relabel a Volume that is no longer used providing it has VolStatus Purged.

Another strategy is to label a set of volumes at the start, then use them as Bacula requests them. This is most often done if you are cycling through a set of tapes, for example using an autochanger. For more details on recycling, please see the Automatic Volume Recycling chapter of this manual.

If you run a Bacula job, and you have no labeled tapes in the Pool, Bacula will inform you, and you can create them "on-the-fly" so to speak. In my case, I label my tapes with the date, for example: DLT-18April02. See below for the details of using the label command.

# Labeling Volumes with the Console Program

Labeling volumes is normally done by using the console program.

1. ./bconsole
2. label

If Bacula complains that you cannot label the tape because it is already labeled, simply unmount the tape using the unmount command in the console, then physically mount a blank tape and re-issue the label command.

Since the physical storage media is different for each device, the label command will provide you with a list of the defined Storage resources such as the following:

    The defined Storage resources are:
         1: File
         2: 8mmDrive
         3: DLTDrive
         4: SDT-10000
    Select Storage resource (1-4):

At this point, you should have a blank tape in the drive corresponding to the Storage resource that you select.

It will then ask you for the Volume name.

    Enter new Volume name:

If Bacula complains:

    Media record for Volume xxxx already exists.

It means that the volume name xxxx that you entered already exists in the Media database. You can list all the defined Media (Volumes) with the list media command. Note, the LastWritten column has been truncated for proper printing.

    +---------------+---------+--------+----------------+-----/~/-+------------+-----+
    | VolumeName    | MediaTyp| VolStat| VolBytes       | LastWri | VolReten   | Recy|
    +---------------+---------+--------+----------------+---------+------------+-----+
    | DLTVol0002    | DLT8000 | Purged | 56,128,042,217 | 2001-10 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-07Oct2001 | DLT8000 | Full   | 56,172,030,586 | 2001-11 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-08Nov2001 | DLT8000 | Full   | 55,691,684,216 | 2001-12 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-01Dec2001 | DLT8000 | Full   | 55,162,215,866 | 2001-12 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-28Dec2001 | DLT8000 | Full   | 57,888,007,042 | 2002-01 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-20Jan2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 57,003,507,308 | 2002-02 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-16Feb2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 55,772,630,824 | 2002-03 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-12Mar2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 50,666,320,453 | 1970-01 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-27Mar2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 57,592,952,309 | 2002-04 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-15Apr2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 57,190,864,185 | 2002-05 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-04May2002 | DLT8000 | Full   | 60,486,677,724 | 2002-05 | 31,536,000 |   0 |
    | DLT-26May02   | DLT8000 | Append |  1,336,699,620 | 2002-05 | 31,536,000 |   1 |
    +---------------+---------+--------+----------------+-----/~/-+------------+-----+

Once Bacula has verified that the volume does not already exist, it will prompt you for the name of the Pool in which the Volume (tape) is to be created. If there is only one Pool (Default), it will be automatically selected.

If the tape is successfully labeled, a Volume record will also be created in the Pool. That is the Volume name and all its other attributes will appear when you list the Pool. In addition, that Volume will be available for backup if the MediaType matches what is requested by the Storage daemon.

When you labeled the tape, you answered very few questions about it -- principally the Volume name, and perhaps the Slot. However, a Volume record in the catalog database (internally known as a Media record) contains quite a few attributes. Most of these attributes will be filled in from the default values that were defined in the Pool (i.e. the Pool holds most of the default attributes used when creating a Volume).

It is also possible to add media to the pool without physically labeling the Volumes. This can be done with the add command. For more information, please see the Console Chapter of this manual.