VehicleType { 
   Name = EEL
   parent = 400 401 402 421 
   ID = 34
   Description = submarine
   Infotext = [#font2#submarine#font1##crt##crt#A submarine is a self-propelled
              vessel capable of operating underwater. The submarines that
              were used in the two world wars could remain underwater for
              only a few hours at a time. They functioned at the surface for
              long periods and had to be so designed, with sharply pointed
              bows and long, slender hulls. In contrast, vessels designed
              primarily for underwater operation, such as nuclear submarines
              (the first true submarines), instead have a relatively broad
              tear shape or fish shape with a blunt, rounded bow and a drawn-out,
              tapering stern.  In addition, whereas surface hulls are designed
              with the greatest breadth above the waterline for surface stability,
              underwater hulls have generally circular cross sections that
              increase hull strength and reduce surface area and friction
              drag.#crt##crt#A more general term also used for devices designed
              to operate underwater is "submersible." Such devices range from
              diving bells and BATHYSPHERES to the balloonlike BATHYSCAPHES
              and the many small research craft available to explore the ocean
              depths (see OCEANOGRAPHY).#crt##crt##crt#BASIC SUBMARINE STRUCTURE#crt##crt#A
              submarine is fundamentally an air space contained by a hull
              that is designed to withstand deep ocean pressures and to move
              easily underwater. The hull is a double steel shell.  The inner,
              or pressure, hull contains all the machinery for propelling
              and guiding the vessel, plus living quarters for the crew. 
              The outer hull holds the ballast tanks.  When the vessel submerges,
              these tanks are opened and flooded with seawater. For surfacing,
              the seawater is forced out of the ballast tanks and replaced
              by compressed air.#crt##crt##crt#Submersion#crt##crt#Flooding
              the ballast tanks is only one step in the process of submerging.
              The submarine is also propelled downward by rear-mounted propellers
              that force the craft forward, and by diving planes, which are
              movable horizontal rudders that direct the angle of the dive.
               When the desired depth is reached, the water level in the vessel's
              trim tanks is adjusted to keep the craft stable.#crt##crt##crt#Power
              Sources#crt##crt#Nonnuclear submarines are propelled on the
              surface by diesel engines; when submerged, propulsion is provided
              by electric batteries and motors. The batteries must be recharged
              on the surface by the diesels after a short running time.  Nuclear
              submarines are powered by a shielded nuclear reactor that generates
              steam to turn the propulsion turbines and also supplies electricity
              for subsidiary systems such as lighting, the vent controls of
              the ballast tanks, the operation of the torpedo tubes, the periscope,
              and the maintenance of the life-support systems--the air and
              water supply that is manufactured on board.#crt##crt#Nuclear
              power generation is self-contained:  because it does not involve
              combustion, it does not draw oxygen from the vessel's air supply.
               In addition a nuclear reactor can power a submarine for many
              thousands of kilometers without refueling. Nuclear submarines
              therefore have a virtually unlimited range.#crt##crt##crt#Navigation#crt##crt#Until
              after World War II, submerged submarines were navigated with
              a simple magnetic compass, supplemented by periscopic sextant
              shots and observation of the shoreline.  Most periscopes could
              not be used at depths greater than 9 m (30 ft).  Improvements
              in gyroscopic navigational aids ultimately led to the development
              of modern inertial navigation systems capable of providing accurate
              guidance without the need for frequent external "fixes" (see
              GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS).#crt##crt##crt#The Conning Tower#crt##crt#The
              fin-shaped superstructure mounted on top of the submarine serves
              as a bridge when the vessel is on the surface.  It holds a number
              of instruments:  the periscopes, the various radio and radar
              antennas, and the snorkel, a system of air intake and exhaust
              pipes.  On nuclear submarines the conning tower is known as
              the "sail" and carries a set of diving planes.#crt##crt##crt#SUBMARINE
              DEVELOPMENT#crt##crt#The first craft known to have maneuvered
              underwater was constructed by Cornelis DREBBEL, court engineer
              to James I of England, and was demonstrated on the Thames in
              1620.  Propelled by oars sealed at the locks by leather gaskets,
              it apparently submerged by admitting water into the hull and
              surfaced by pumping it out again.#crt##crt#Although the idea
              of the submarine continued to intrigue inventors, the lack of
              a power source to propel the vessel was a major obstacle to
              its development.  The wooden TURTLE, designed by David BUSHNELL,
              an American, was driven by hand- and foot-cranked propellers.
               Its armament was an explosive charge that, in theory, could
              be fastened to an enemy ship's hull by a detachable auger. 
              The Turtle's one foray (1776), against a British ship lying
              off New York harbor, was frustrated in part by the difficulty
              of maneuvering the vessel underwater.#crt##crt#In 1801, Robert
              FULTON demonstrated his three-man metal submarine, the NAUTILUS,
              for the French navy.  Like the Turtle, the Nautilus was driven
              by a hand-cranked propeller, but for depth control it had movable
              horizontal surfaces--the diving planes now used on all modern
              submarines. Its warhead was a towed contact mine, designed to
              explode when it was dragged against the enemy target.  The military
              potential of the Nautilus was never realized in its time, but
              it presaged the first successful submarine attack, over 60 years
              later, by the Confederate vessel Hunley.#crt##crt##crt#Submarines
              in the U.S. Civil War#crt##crt#In response to the Northern blockade
              of shipping during the Civil War, the Southern navy developed
              a group of semisubmersibles known as "Davids"--small craft intended
              to battle the Union's Goliath fleet. Although not true submersibles--their
              smokestacks and air intakes were always above water--they were
              the first vessels to use submergence with tactical success.#crt##crt#Another
              Confederate development was the Hunley, a true submersible.
              Although it used the old hand-cranked propeller system and was
              slower than the "Davids," it could submerge completely.  Fitted
              with a spar torpedo--a 6-m (20-ft) pole tipped with an explosive
              charge--the Hunley went down on the night of Feb.  17, 1864,
              sinking a Federal corvette, the U.S.S. Housatonic, off Charleston
              but destroying itself in the process.#crt##crt#At the same time,
              European submarine technology was also accelerating.  In 1863
              the French inventor Charles Brun used compressed air to propel
              his vessel, the Plongeur, and to expel water from its ballast
              tanks, a method that is still used.  The French navy built several
              all-electric submarines in the 1880s and '90s.  These demonstrated
              the potential of electric power underwater but were severely
              limited by the need to recharge the batteries in port.  They
              had no engines other than their battery-powered electric motors.
               Robert Whitehead's self-propelled TORPEDO gave the submarine
              a genuine offensive capability;  the Swedish inventor Torsten
              Nordenfelt (1842-1920) developed internal torpedo tubes for
              submarines in the 1880s.#crt##crt##crt#The Holland#crt##crt#The
              Irish-American John P.  HOLLAND (1840-1914) had experimented
              with submarine designs for a quarter century when he sold (1900)
              the U.S.  Navy its first submarine.  The U.S.S. Holland used
              an electric motor for propulsion underwater and a gasoline engine
              for surface propulsion and for recharging the batteries.  The
              submarines of the two world wars differed in basic design from
              the Holland only in the substitution of diesels for the gasoline
              engine.  Like most later submarines, the Holland submerged by
              flooding its ballast tanks, used trim tanks and diving planes
              to control pitch when submerged and fired torpedoes and blew
              the ballast tanks empty with compressed air.#crt##crt##crt#World
              War I#crt##crt#From the early years of the 20th century, fleets
              of submarines were built by every major European power.  The
              German vessels were the most efficient;  by 1911, German designers
              had abandoned both steam and gasoline--which was volatile, and
              therefore hazardous within the confines of a submarine--and
              had equipped all their vessels with diesel engines. Also, German
              periscopes were the best in the world.#crt##crt#World War I
              provided the first opportunity to use submarines as attack vessels
              on a large scale.  With its fleet of U-boats (Unterseebooten),
              Germany came close to severing Britain's overseas lifelines.
               Britain countered with efforts to confine the German submarines
              to their ports, using air and surface patrols and laying MINE
              belts.#crt##crt#DEPTH CHARGES and hydrophones--underwater listening
              devices--were developed and used extensively;  the British successfully
              employed killer submarines as well--small antisubmarine vessels
              that could maintain underwater speeds of up to 15 knots for
              as long as 2 hours.  Finally, merchant sailings were concentrated
              into large, well-escorted convoys, a tactic for which the Germans
              had not found an answer by the war's end.#crt##crt##crt#World
              War II#crt##crt#As in World War I, Germany began World War II
              with a small but seasoned submarine force and immediately applied
              it to isolate Britain from overseas resources.  Britain again
              replied with heavily escorted convoys, and the Germans responded
              by sending U-boats out in large "wolf packs" that used radio
              communications to search and attack in concert.#crt##crt#Tactical
              complexities multiplied:  hydrophones were supplemented by underwater
              sound-ranging systems (SONAR) and the use of RADAR and radar
              warning devices became widespread. The Germans used long-range
              search aircraft to coordinate the wolf packs;  the British and
              Americans replied with antisubmarine aircraft carriers and fleets
              of hunter-killer submarines that were guided to the German vessels
              by sensitive high-frequency direction-finding radios installed
              aboard surface vessels.#crt##crt#American submarines in the
              Pacific and British submarines in the Mediterranean enjoyed
              the success denied the Germans in the Atlantic. Submarine destruction
              of Axis supplies played a major role in the Allied victory in
              North Africa.  American submarines effectively halted Japanese
              maritime commerce by mid-1944. Britain and Italy both had isolated
              but spectacular successes with miniature one- and two-man submarines
              in port attacks on enemy ships.#crt##crt##crt#THE NUCLEAR SUBMARINE#crt##crt#The
              first nuclear submarine, the U.S.S.  NAUTILUS, launched in 1954,
              resembled conventional submarines in many respects, but its
              great range both above and below the surface made it a revolutionary
              and formidable weapon.  The Nautilus sailed almost 170,000 km
              (91,324 naut mi) before refueling;  146,000 km (78,885 naut
              mi) were spent submerged.  On August 3, 1958, it sailed under
              the Arctic ice and the North Pole.#crt##crt#Following the Nautilus
              and a group of submarines of the same design, the U.S.  Navy
              developed the Skipjack class of nuclear submarine, which had
              a teardrop-shaped hull design and was capable of reaching underwater
              speeds of more than 30 knots. Succeeding types of nuclear submarines,
              the Thresher and Sturgeon classes, have been designed to be
              high-speed detection and attack vessels.  The U.S.S.  Triton,
              launched in 1959, is among the largest and is propelled by two
              nuclear reactors.  In 1960 the Triton circumnavigated the globe
              underwater, traveling 78,858 km (41,500 naut mi) in 84 days.#crt##crt#Whereas
              the nuclear attack submarine represents the most advanced use
              of hydrodynamic technology, the nuclear BALLISTIC MISSILE submarine
              is perhaps the ultimate development of the submarine's military
              potential, having the ability to launch as many as several dozen
              intercontinental ballistic missiles while submerged.  Following
              the first underwater launch of a POLARIS missile from the U.S.S.
               George Washington in 1960, such submarines have entered the
              U.S.  and Soviet navies in increasing numbers and are also possessed
              by Great Britain and France.  U.S.  nuclear submarine classes
              include those carrying the POSEIDON missile and a growing new
              fleet of TRIDENT submarines, which were first launched in the
              early 1980s.#crt#]
   Armor = 1130
   picture = MK1s_eel.pcx
   WreckageObject = 434
   Tank { 
      Energy = 0
      Material = 0
      fuel = 4289
   } Tank
   FuelConsumption = 32
   Abilities += move_after_attack
   Movement = 88 88 70 0 0 0 0 0 
   Weight = 3000
   Weapons { 
      Initiative = 0
      Number = 2
      Weapon0 ->* VehicleType.UTorp 
      Weapon0.Ammo = 10
      Weapon0.Punch@MaxRange = 110
      Weapon0.Punch@MinRange = 110

      Weapon1 ->* VehicleType.Ship_MG 
      Weapon1.Ammo = 10
   } Weapons
} VehicleType
